Search results

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images, selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) data were collected from a JEM-2100 transmission electron microscope operating at 200 kV.
The XRD analysis (data not shown here) also revealed a crystalline structure of fcc Cu and no other characteristic peaks belonging to the impurity phases could be found.
At the same time the generated Cu may further accelerate the reduction of Ni2+ ions.
In order to obtain Cu nanowires without Ni impurities, there needs to balance the reduction and oxidative etching rate of Ni2+ ions.
Qian, Synthesis of copper nanowires via a complex-surfactant-assisted hydrothermal reduction process, J.

Recrystallized grains were identified automatically from the EBSD data by a program developed for this purpose, the DRG program [10].
The same data are plotted in the form of -ln⁡(1-VV) against annealing time on a log-log scale in Fig. 1b.
The data do not follow the simple JMAK relationship VV=1-exp⁡(-ktn) any longer.
A similar result has been observed for copper rolled to 92% reduction previously [11].
Fig. 1. a) Evolution of the recrystallized volume fraction as a function of annealing time and b) the same data as in a) plotted as -ln⁡(1-VV) against annealing time on a log-log scale.

Introduction Magnetic nanowires of the iron group metals (Fe, Ni, Co) have been of great interest at present for their different applications which includes biomedical applications [1], advanced data storage and magneto-electronic applications [2].
On the other hand, the reduction rate is lowered when the amount of Ni is increased.
This then leads to faster reduction rate, which forms thicker and shorter nanowires.
“Template-free Synthesis of One-dimensional Cobalt Nanostructures by Hydrazine Reduction Route”.
Materials Letters, Science Direct, 2006. http://www.sciencedirect.com [17] International Center for Diffraction Data.

The application of a suitable degass process has enhanced the affordable weight reduction.
Advanced grades of light-weight polymers leads to a reduction in the weight of a wide range of vehicle components.
The progress on the production of PMMA polymer can enable the optimization of crashworthiness and reduction in energy consumption of new generation vehicles due to weight reduction sustainable manufacturing technologies.
On the other hand, the affordable weight reduction of vehicles can support to reduce their impact on the environment.
TGA and FTIR data of the molecular weight were evaluated to explain the structural properties.

For example, Du investigated the driving forces and reduction potential of Chinese CO2 emissions based on a provincial panel data set for 1995-2009.
Based on an overview of existed literatures, it can be concluded that the provincial panel data or time series data are usually used to analyse the EKC of Chinese CO2 emissions.
However in the panel data analysis exsits homogeneity assumption defect.
Thus the representativeness of the panel data research needs to be discussed [3].
So some scholars think that studying in time series data of single country is more effective [4].

The data mining process including four basic steps, as shown in Fig.1: question definition, data preparation and pretreatment, data mining, result explanation and confirmation.
The magnanimous data is accumulated in electric power industry process, and the massive knowledge exist in the historical data.
The rough set method can process each kind of data, including the incomplete or imprecise data, as well as the data of numerous variables, and using the data it can also produce the model which consists of simple concepts and is easy to operate, and produce precise but easy to inspect and confirm rules.
The mining of data connection rules discovers useful connection or related relation between mass data item sets.
Turbine Classification Rules Based on Rough Set Reduction Algorithm Proposed the introduction of the rough set data mining prediction and diagnosis of turbine failure, to overcome the traditional expert system knowledge acquisition bottleneck problem.

It may not only bring reductions in CO2 emission, but also may lead to savings in expenditure on energy.
The reduction of costs via energy saving could be the first purpose instead.
These data can teach all those involved how much energy is consumed uselessly and how they can reduce it.
Among the group members, from data analysis, essential problems for reducing energy consumption will be discussed, and their countermeasures are to be proposed and implemented selectively.
In this case power reduction rate was 30 percent and return on investment (ROI) was 2.7 years[6].

It has some advantages, such as good fault-tolerance ability, strong classification power[2], but in the case of large quantity of data, it has some problems which are long time training, slow convergence speed and unstable system.
Although the database of vein image has being filtering de-noising and normalization processing, the data dimension is still huge.
PCA method is used to decrease the image's data dimension and get the image of characteristic matrix.
Commonly it uses k-Means clustering algorithm to cluster all the input data.
This testifies that PCA algorithm reduces the data dimension of sample image, but retaining the important aspects of the data, enhancing the recognition rate of RBF algorithm and reducing the training time.

Wavelet transform was introduced to the thermogravimetric data smoothing and differentiation analysis according to the experiment results, and the orthogonal test method was used to find the optimize wavelet parameter.
For the use of DTG kinetic analysis method, as the DTG data is determined by thermogravimetric data obtained by numerical differentiation, in smaller calculation step conditions, even weaker intensity noise may also be due to differential calculation and the serious distortion of the numerical derivative results, without smoothing TG curve of DTG curve smoothness is very poor, the noise is amplified, the impact on the overall judgment of the trend curve and parameters.
Adaptive wavelet Transform method was used to deal with thermogravimetric experiment data, and the reliability, validity result was contrastive studied compared to all kinds of traditional analysis methods.
Wavelet analysis denoising processing of thermogravimetric data According to the above experiments to get TG curve of grease in 5 ℃ /min, and calculated DTG curves as Fig. 1.
Choose a different threshold rules for noise reduction.

Surface texturing is a widely accepted approach for friction reduction in mechanical components.
Introduction Surface texturing as a means for friction reduction in mechanical components through local cavitation is a widely accepted approach [1].
With the optimized process, the ordered microstructures with a feature size down to 5mm and smooth etched surface in large-scale are obtained and the preliminary friction drag reduction effect of the textured surface is assessed.
Based on the data mentioned above, the friction reduction effect of surface texturing was discussed.
Therefore, as a preliminary test of the friction reduction effect of patterned surface textured by the through-mask EMM, the contact angle on smooth and textured surface was measured.