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From the hardness distribution after tempering, mechanical properties (ultimate strength, yield strength, elongation) can be determined in each point of the section, depending on tempering temperature used, by means of an auxiliary diagram.
Other factors that affect the heat transfer at real workpieces, besides of the kind of quenchant, are: surface roughness, external flow field of the liquid and its turbulence.
Taking into account only these factors, obviously some compromise has to be made when using the HTC for a real workpiece of complex shape.
It is difficult to judge which of the following factors contributed more to the difference in HTC maximum values: the cylinder diameter, the calculation method, or the position of the thermocouple?
Numerous factors can influence the process of quenching.

Addition of ethanol with different volumes to the DIW significantly improved Au NPs properties in the mixture.
A simple method for controlling the properties of Au NPs produced in the binary mixture of DIW-ethanol by laser ablation technique is presented.
The changes of optical and morphological properties of the synthesized particles with time were also studied.
Results and Discussion The effects of ambient liquid on the properties of the prepared Au NPs were studied.
Low ablation efficiency of Au NPs in pure ethanol can be attributed to several factors, among which the most important are the properties (e.g., temperature, pressure, and density) of the plasma after its confinement in each solution.

According to the different material properties of Q235 and AZ91, we finally obtained the fatigue life and also discovered the weak parts of the frame.
Then, on the basis of the material properties of the frame, either carbon constructional steel (Q235) or magnesium alloy (AZ91), combined with advanced computational simulation technology, we expect to predict the fatigue life in a more efficient way.
This can be influenced by a variety of factors such as temperature, surface finish, microstructure, presence of oxidising or inert chemicals, residual stresses, and contact (fretting) etc. [1].
Fig.10 Stress distribution and value of Q235 frame in the applied condition of fig.9 Material Properties.
Lin, China Mechanical Engineering. 11, 12 (1998) [22] J.

Properties of commercial cation-exchange membranes [13].
However, as the preparation conditions are expected to affect the membrane properties [53], comparing the results reported by different groups will be futile.
The obvious source of flexibility is the presence of two materials that can have quite different properties, e.g., good mechanical properties and good proton transport.
SPEEK based blends are explored to obtain good mechanical properties, high proton conductivity, and optimized membrane properties.
Acid doping of 50% by weight can be achieved without adverse effects to its mechanical properties.

Since with different characteristics and properties, they are suitable for different research fields and work situations.
For the upper boundary of the substrate, the equipotential surface properties are also applied to simulate the bias of the substrate.
Due to the different atomic weight and ionization degree of various gases, different working gases show different beam properties.
Conclusion In this paper, we adopts kinetic model to simulate the discharge process of plasma in anode layer ionization source, studies on its discharge characteristics and analyzes the influencing factors of the beam characteristics.
The results show that the discharge properties such as beam energy, the density of the beams are affected in the process of vacuum discharge under different discharge voltage, gas flow and the gas species.

Chen College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, P.R.
Any further increase in the protrusion of the CBN grains, which is demanded for the chip accommodation volume, may lead to grain pullout affecting the tool life.
On the other hand, wear behavior of the grain cutting edges is one of the primary factors to influence the grinding performance and the service life of the abrasive tools.
Consequently, besides the grain pullout, attritious wear is another important factor to the definition of the end of the tool life.
This unique property of PCBN grains may conquer the shortcomings of monocrystalline CBN, such as cleavage and aeolotropy [5.].

As an alternative for powder metallurgy, shock wave consolidation (SWC or Explosive Compaction) is used to consolidate composites where the grain size is a factor to maintain, to avoid the intermetallic-compounds formation and when needed to combine heterogeneous materials [2].
Because the machining of aluminum metal matrix/ceramic composites and 2-phase systems with a traditional process is difficult due to the highly abrasive nature of ceramic reinforcements and/or second phases, Electrical-discharge machining, as an alternative, has proven to be useful to machine Al/SiC [5,6], Al/Al2O3 [7] systems, another merit of WEDM machining technique in machining MMC's, which have the highest hardness in reinforcement, is that WEDM process does not involve mechanical energy, thus hardness, strength, or toughness of the work piece does not affect the material removal rate (MRR) [5].
Special consideration is given to the efficiency in the preparation of characterization and mechanical properties testing samples made with the minimum material waste preserving most of the obtained material for late uses, also representative testing results of the cut and obtained 2-phase systems are presented.
Mechanical properties features.

Additionally, there is a symmetry constraint, showing that when the original structure has the symmetry properties, the optimized results should keep it.
Related numerical results have show that the mass and stiffness properties of cavity elements should be [9]: (11) Where: E and ρ are elastic modulus and density for cavity element, E0 and ρ0 are elastic modulus and density for entities element.
So that changes of the number and the location for cavity elements don’t affect the quality distribution while doing topology optimization for inner structure.
Gu: Journal of Mechanical Strength.
Guan: Journal of Mechanical Strength.

In many technological applications thin metal films are deposited on, or covered by a thin film of another metallic material (i.e. diffusion barriers in microelectronics, or thin film multilayers exhibiting desired functional properties [1]).
It modifies the internal stresses, which, in turn, affect the GB diffusion.
The factor kT has its standard thermodynamic meaning.
Our model clearly demonstrates that in binary and multicomponent thin film systems the chemical contribution to the Gibbs free energy plays an important role in determining the mechanical stresses in the system.
Though the Authors of Ref. [11] named the GB interdiffusion as one of the possible reasons for tensile stress generation, the fact that tensile stresses were increasing both on the Cu and on the Ni side means that some other factors are contributing to stress evolution (i.e. grain growth or excess vacancy annihilation in the layers).

Physical and mechanical properties of the piles and surrounding rock used in the analysis are shown in Figure 1.
This rate was represented by the factor n that was assigned values of 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25, 0.3, 0.35, 0.4, 0.45, and 0.5.
Analysis and Results Settlement values yielded from the numerical analysis were expressed in terms of the settlement influence factor (Ip) using the following equation (1) Where S = settlement of pile head under a vertical load Q and D = pile diameter.
Fig.2 Finite element mesh used Fig.3 Effect of the element size on pile settlement in the analysis determined using the FE analysis Fig.4 Effect of changing in n on the value of Ip for constant Ep/E0 The settlement influence factors calculated in the current study are shown in Figure 5 as a function of n, Ep/E0, and L/D.
Increasing pile slenderness ratios to values greater than a critical one, (L/D)c, does not affect the pile head settlement since a small portion of load reaches the pile lower end.