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But when the initial velocity field had a big difference from the real velocity field, the penalty factor would be getting large enough.
Due to non-linear geometry and physics properties, the calculation time and convergence were main problems encountered in the analysis of FEM.
f f f Lf v dl φ τ= ∆∫ (9) The friction shear stress is written in equation (10). 3 s f km m σ τ τ= ⋅ = (10) Where, m is friction factor; kτ is yield shear stress.
The mesh quality is affected by the deflection, ratio of maximum length to minimum length of element side, Jacobian matrix, etc.
Wang: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Vol. 34 (1998), p. 82 [11] S.W.

Because of these excellent properties these foams can be used to make bone implants.
In view of the above, a large attention is being paid for making Ni-Ti foams and to characterize them interms of their architecture and mechanical properties[10-21].
The present paper aims at assessing the porosity fraction and micro-architectural characteristics of Ni-Ti foams by using NH4(HCO3) as space holder in varying proportions and finally to characterize these foams in terms of microstructure and mechanical properties.
Mindrilă and MirelaVasilescu,Properties and medical applications of shape memory alloys, Romanian J.
Frenzel and D.C.Dunand, Cast replicated NiTiCu foams with superelastic properties, Metall.

Introduction Friction stir processing (FSP) is a new solid state processing technique which is essentially a local thermo-mechanical metal working process that changes the local properties without influencing the properties of the bulk material.
In FSP, a rotating tool containing a shoulder and a pin provides frictional heating and mechanical mixing in the area covered by the tool in a moving monolithic plate.
A continuously cast AA5083 sheet was friction stir processed and cold rolled in order to compare the properties with the as-cast and rolled material [3].
It was found that the inclusion of the FSP step, before rolling and recrystallization, refined the recrystallized grain size, increased the tensile elongations by a factor of 2–3 at a temperature of 510 oC , giving the material greater forming capabilities.
Conclusions The present results on FSP AA5083 suggest that the experimental parameter of FSP affects the the produced grain size and the deformation mechanisms conrtolling the deformation process of FPS samples at 250 oC depends on the grain size and transitions from superplastic deformation to viscous glide to dislocation climb are observed with increase in grain size from 0.95, 1.6 and 2.6 um, respectively.

Table 3 summarizes the literature on WAAM of 7xxx series aluminum alloys, defects, and mechanical properties.
Summary of some wire arc additive manufactured 7xxx series aluminium alloys, defects and mechanical properties     Defects     Alloy System WAAM Process Porosity Cracks Loss of Volatile Element Resulting Mechanical Properties Ref.
Sun, Wire arc additive manufacturing of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu Alloy: microstructures and mechanical properties.
Ding, Microstructure and mechanical properties of double-wire + arc additively manufactured Al-Cu-Mg alloys.
Chen, Microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy fabricated by wire + arc additive manufacturing.

Crystal violet has long-lasting environmental properties and contains toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic aniline group compounds [1].
Coal fly ash is considered a source of abundant aluminosilicates and alumina with its unburned carbon, producing an efficient and inexpensive porous adsorbent based on its chemical, mineral, and physical properties [6].
The factors affecting the effectiveness of CV adsorption, such as pH of the solution, adsorbent mass, contact time, and crystal violet concentration, were systematically optimized.
The solution pH has affected the surface charge of the sorbate molecules.
Perakki, Effect of synthesis parameters on mechanical properties of fly ash-based geopolymers.

The external surface becomes rough and tight as shown in Figure 2 which indicates the clay has affected the surface morphology of the alginate beads.
Reusability of enzyme is a key factor for its cost effective industrial use.
Abdul Rahman, "Nanoclay as potential support for immobilization of lipase from Candida rugosa: physicochemical properties," in UMT 11th International Annual Symposium on Sustainability Science and Management, Terengganu, Malaysia, 2012
Sugunan, "Glucoamylase immobilized on montmorillonite: influence of nature of binding on surface properties of clay-support and activity of enzyme," J Porous Mater, vol. 14, pp. 127-136, 2007
Şanlı-Mohamed, "Immobilization of thermoalkalophilic recombinant esterase enzyme by entrapment in silicate coated Ca-alginate beads and its hydrolytic properties," International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, vol. 50, pp. 545-551, 2012

properties and corrosion resistance.
Structure and composition of amorphous alloy is an important factor in corrosion resistance[[3] O.
Li: Mechanical properties and corrosion resistance Fe41Co7Cr15Mo14Y2C15B6 bulk amorphous alloy.
Vol. 44 (2002), 1847 ], which mainly because the compact and uniform amorphous alloy coating by HVOF exist small pores and micro-cracks that affect the corrosion resistance of amorphous alloy coating[[11] J.
An examination of EIS shows that the physical nature of the equivalent circuits can be interpreted based on the correlation of the interfacial corrosion reactions and the electronic properties of the passive film.

One strategy, among others, is to use a very thin 4H-SiC layer bonded onto a mechanical carrier.
Excluding those outliers, vendor A would perform the best in this factor.
But as these poly regions only make up a small part of the wafer, we can still look at the projected yield, as only a few devices would be affected.
Doping performance in average level and uniformity is not affected by the substrate type.
„Poly-SiC Characterization and Properties for SmartSiC™”, Materials Science Forum 1124 (2024): 21-25 [5] B.

This change in topology can affect body behavior and computation time as well.
A year later, Terzopoulos [10] incorporated physical properties directly in a graphical object for the first time, and coined the term deformable models.
The method for solving the dynamical equation and the integration parameters affect simulation results.
The non-linear extension increases computing time by a 4 factor.
Damped springs with associated stiffness and damping coefficients are used to model stretching characteristics along each axis of interest; angular springs can be added to specify shearing properties.

Introduction The severe wear or failure of wheel-slide in the flaps and slats of civil aircraft will affect the normal function of flaps and slats directly.
Rolling contact fatigue is also a common problem in aviation industry, with many important components requiring high strength and high abrasion resistance, so those components always have a long life enough to avoid being replaced in huge losses .Traditional metal materials can not meet the requirement, so in many engineering components, the coating has been used to improve the friction property of mechanical materials.
Because the wheel-slide size is very big, and the price is expensive, It is difficult to carry on experiments directly, So simulation test must be used to simulate the normal work of wheel-slide. so it's in addition to environmental factors ,such as loading and movement pattern should be in accordance with its normal work conditions .In accordance with these requirements, the schematic of testing machine was designed as figure 1and the schematic diagram of wheel-slide as Figure 2 In the Figure 2 the vertical load were loaded on the specimen through the wheel, and the position of wheel remains unchanged, at the same time the slide is clamped on a mobile platform and make the straight reciprocating main motion with the mobile platform to simulate working load and movement.