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One of the most attractive characteristics of nonwoven materials is that they can form stable structures even at very low solid volume fractions which are an essential requirement for the porous media used in many applications such as sound absorption materials.
In the present research, a SZZB type wave tube was used to measure the normal incidence absorption coefficients of acoustical materials.
Needling intensity of non-woven materials, thickness, intensity and porosity has a significant impact on sound absorption.
Kao: Journal of Materials Processing TechnologyThe Seventh Asia Pacific Conference on Materials Processing (7th APCMP 2006).
Forum Vol. 192-193(2007), p. 543-548 [5] Jung, K, et al: Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 361(2010), p. 63-70 [6] Ren, X, et al: Water Research, Vol. 44(2010), p. 751-760 [7] Palmeira, E.M, E.A.

Experimental Procedure Materials and sample preparation.
Low surface energy in conjunction with surface roughness are the main characteristics of the prepared superhydrophobic materials.
Journal of colloid and interface science, 2015. 447: p. 240-247
[7] Jelil, R.A., A review of low-temperature plasma treatment of textile materials.
Journal of materials science, 2015. 50(18): p. 5913-5943

Lindroos, Processing and properties of particulate reinforced steel matrix composites, Materials Science and Engineering A 246 (1998) 221-234
Beck, Prediction of residual stresses and distortion of ferrous and non-ferrous metals: current status and future developments, Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 11(1) (2002) 92-102
Yang, The constrained phase transformation of prestrained TiNi fibers embedded in metal matrix smart composite, Materials Letters 43 (2000) 91-96
Dunand, Transformation Superplasticity of Iron and Fe/TiC Metal Matrix Composites, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 29A (1998) 565-575
Liaw, Thermal residual stress evolution in a TiC–50 vol.% Ni3Al cermet, Materials Science and Engineering A 421 (2006) 40-45.

In the paper, a three-dimensional discrete element model was used to predict the draft force on constant speed movement and the cohesionless granular materials, the consequences showed that this method can predict the horizontal component force correctly and can be applied to large scale industrial analysis.
International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences, 41(2004)1329-1364
Calibration of granular material parameters for DEM modeling and numerical verification by blade–granular material interaction.
Journal of Terramechanics, 46(2009)15-26
Journal of Terramechanics, 49(2012)37-47

Therefore metallic foams are not continuous materials in the strict sense of definition.
Materials Letters, Vol.58 (2004), p.2574 [5] O.B.
Materials Science and Engineering A, Vol.291 (2000), p. 136
International Journal of Fatigue, Vol.23 (2001), p. 499
Qiang, Applied Mechanics and Materials, Vol. 464(2014), p. 69.

In composite materials, local deformation causes fiber breakage and matrix damage [4-6].
Abu Bakar: Materials and Design 32, 4107–4121 (2011) [2] M.
Avinca: Journal of Materials Processing Technology 209 (2009) 3358-3365 [8] G.
Frasca: Composites Science and Technology 66, (2006) [9] J.
Rani: Journal of Applied Science and Engineering, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 275280 (2012)

When imposing the mechanical power on the piezoelectric material, the piezoelectric material can produce the charge or voltage.
When imposing the voltage on the piezoelectric material, the piezoelectric material can produce the strain and stress.
References [1] FAN Wei,YU Xiaofen.Study on PZT Actuator Creep Characteristics[J].Chinese Journal of Scientific Instrument.2006, 27(11):1383-1386(IN CHINESE)
[3] Tao Shuai,BAI Hong-bai.Analysis Hysteresis and Influence of Piezoelectric Ceramic Actuators[J].Science Technology and Engineering.2007, 7(24):6428-6430
[6] ZHAO Xinlong ,TAN Tonghong.Intelligent Modeling for Hysteresis Nonlinearity in Piezoceramic Actuator[J].Journal of System Simulation.2006, 18(1):23-25.

Steel is one of a material which is used to manufacture tubular parts for crashworthiness applications.
According to the previous researches, energy absorption can be increased by fill the tubular parts with different density of filler materials or increase the wall thickness of that parts [3-5].
So, this investigation also can be a solution to determine the effects of different density of filler materials and wall thickness of tubular parts towards crush events.
Different volume fractions of both materials are used to manufacture different foam densities as 100, 200 and 300 kg/m3.
Jeelani, Effect of density, microstructure, and strain rate on compression behavior of polymeric foams, Materials Science and Engineering A, 406 (2005) 328–336

In this study, both experimentation and numerical simulation were performed to extend the understanding of the behaviour of polymer materials and to optimize process condition effectively during the thermal imprint process.
While an advantage of the thermal imprint process is its capability to pattern a wide range of materials through direct patterning, the longer processing time related to the thermal cycle is considered to be a major drawback.
Numerical Analysis When a constant load is applied to viscoelastic materials, the material undergoes instantaneous deformation followed by continual viscous deformation over a period of time.
Menges, Material Science of Polymers for Engineers, Hanser Publisher, New York, 1996
Wang, Study on heating process of ultrasonic welding for thermoplastics, Journal of J.

Materials and Methods The material object of the research group test campaign is 7075-T6 Aluminium alloy.
Vergani, “A Numerical Procedure for Shot Peening Optimisation by Means of Non Dimensional Factors”, International Journal of Materials & Product Technology, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, Genève, Switzerland, Vol. 15, Nos. 1/2, 2000, pp. 91-103
Metallic materials — Rotating bar bending fatigue testing.” 2010
Key Engineering Materials, 627, pp.81–84
Key Engineering Materials, 665, pp.37–40.