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Online since: June 2019
Authors: Doudou Nanitamo Luta, Atanda K. Raji
Base band unit serves to process digital data which are fed into radio unit.
From the point of view of telecom network operators, renewable off-grid base stations are more advantageous as compared to those based on diesel generators because of the reduction or total elimination of operational expenses.
Table 2 Components cost Components Costs input data Capital costs Replacement cost Operation and Maintenance costs PV [18] US$ 1000/kW US$ 750 US$ 55/year Converter [18] US$ 400/kW US$ 300 US$ 0 Battery [18] US$ 600/kW US$ 450 US$ 10/ year Diesel generator [19] US$ 6000/10 kW US$ 5000 US$ 0.075/ year Table 3 Costs comparison Capital (US$) Operating cost (US$) Replacement cost (US$) Salvage (US$) Total (US$) PV 9,247 6,574 0.00 0.00 15,821.74 Converter (inverter) 217.42 0.00 69.18 -13.02 273.58 Battery 19,200 4,136.81 6,109.54 -1,149.88 28,296.47 Cost of Energy US$ 0.3908 Net Present Cost US$ 44,391.79 Diesel generator 1,380 19,532.53 8,342.32 -110.66 71,963.73 Converter (rectifier) 525.00 0.00 167.06 -31.44 660.62 Cost of Energy US$ 0.6368 Net Present Cost US$ 72,624.35 Table 4 Emissions Gas Quantity (kg/year) Carbon dioxide 8,670 Carbarn monoxide 54.7 Unburned hydrocarbons 2.38 Particulate matter 0.331 Sulfur dioxide 21.2 Nitrogen oxides 51.3 Conclusion This study proposed
Data Commun.
Alhilman, Data analysis of Li-Ion and lead acid batteries discharge parameters with Simulink-MATLAB, 2016 4th Int.
From the point of view of telecom network operators, renewable off-grid base stations are more advantageous as compared to those based on diesel generators because of the reduction or total elimination of operational expenses.
Table 2 Components cost Components Costs input data Capital costs Replacement cost Operation and Maintenance costs PV [18] US$ 1000/kW US$ 750 US$ 55/year Converter [18] US$ 400/kW US$ 300 US$ 0 Battery [18] US$ 600/kW US$ 450 US$ 10/ year Diesel generator [19] US$ 6000/10 kW US$ 5000 US$ 0.075/ year Table 3 Costs comparison Capital (US$) Operating cost (US$) Replacement cost (US$) Salvage (US$) Total (US$) PV 9,247 6,574 0.00 0.00 15,821.74 Converter (inverter) 217.42 0.00 69.18 -13.02 273.58 Battery 19,200 4,136.81 6,109.54 -1,149.88 28,296.47 Cost of Energy US$ 0.3908 Net Present Cost US$ 44,391.79 Diesel generator 1,380 19,532.53 8,342.32 -110.66 71,963.73 Converter (rectifier) 525.00 0.00 167.06 -31.44 660.62 Cost of Energy US$ 0.6368 Net Present Cost US$ 72,624.35 Table 4 Emissions Gas Quantity (kg/year) Carbon dioxide 8,670 Carbarn monoxide 54.7 Unburned hydrocarbons 2.38 Particulate matter 0.331 Sulfur dioxide 21.2 Nitrogen oxides 51.3 Conclusion This study proposed
Data Commun.
Alhilman, Data analysis of Li-Ion and lead acid batteries discharge parameters with Simulink-MATLAB, 2016 4th Int.
Online since: May 2012
Authors: Fang Zhao, Ke Deng, Hong Xiang Chai
In 1995, U.S Green Building Council (USGBC)prepared and implemented Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)[3], the evaluation indexes of water conservation involved in three aspects: water efficient landscaping, innovation wastewater technologies and water use reduction, and put forward the corresponding water conservation technologies.
Optimization of dynamic balance monthly For the time scale of months, with monthly regular rainfall of many years, it is beneficial to consist with the water supply of the actual project, so the design data is more accurate.
If we design water balance for the time scale of days, the daily water balance data and the actual works are hard to match, because the natural rainfall is chanciness and not regularity daily in many years, Optimization method of dynamic balance monthly, it can guide the selection of non-traditional water resources types.
Detailed calculation processes are as follows: (1) According to the monthly average rainfall for many years, the composite runoff coefficient, residential area and the runoff reduction factor, calculate the monthly available rainwater capacity, shown in Table 1, Column 2
Fig. 1 gives the corresponding data.
Optimization of dynamic balance monthly For the time scale of months, with monthly regular rainfall of many years, it is beneficial to consist with the water supply of the actual project, so the design data is more accurate.
If we design water balance for the time scale of days, the daily water balance data and the actual works are hard to match, because the natural rainfall is chanciness and not regularity daily in many years, Optimization method of dynamic balance monthly, it can guide the selection of non-traditional water resources types.
Detailed calculation processes are as follows: (1) According to the monthly average rainfall for many years, the composite runoff coefficient, residential area and the runoff reduction factor, calculate the monthly available rainwater capacity, shown in Table 1, Column 2
Fig. 1 gives the corresponding data.
Online since: November 2011
Authors: Guang Jian Chen, Jin Ling Jia, Yao Yi
The test data are processed on separate treatment, without considering the relevance of all data.
The data which is extracted by microwave sensors is reliable but not accurate.
In the flue gas, there were some correlations among data.
We must make comprehensive analysis with data measured by sensor and microwave method, using data fusion methods [9] to get a more precise result.
Comparison Of Results From Microwave Me, Co2 Exhaust Method And Data Integration Microwave carbon testing data 2.31 2.55 2.12 2.73 3.11 6.83 6.55 7.16 8.47 8.11 Data& information fusion 1.97 2.31 1.90 2.56 2.82 6.69 6.33 7.00 8.35 8.02 Data of CO2 exhaust method 2.01 2.35 1.87 2.59 2.89 6.61 6.35 6.89 8.35 8.00 Microwave carbon testing data 2.65 3.38 3.92 1.97 4.29 3.63 7.56 7.63 7.95 6.29 Data& information fusion 2.13 2.94 3.59 1.72 3.96 3.35 7.31 7.44 7.59 6.12 Data of CO2 exhaust method 2.22 3.10 3.65 1.80 4.00 3.41 7.42 7.52 7.65 6.18 Controls on Boiler Combustion When the boiler is in combustion, the data of flue gas makes response to the combustion working state of boiler.
The data which is extracted by microwave sensors is reliable but not accurate.
In the flue gas, there were some correlations among data.
We must make comprehensive analysis with data measured by sensor and microwave method, using data fusion methods [9] to get a more precise result.
Comparison Of Results From Microwave Me, Co2 Exhaust Method And Data Integration Microwave carbon testing data 2.31 2.55 2.12 2.73 3.11 6.83 6.55 7.16 8.47 8.11 Data& information fusion 1.97 2.31 1.90 2.56 2.82 6.69 6.33 7.00 8.35 8.02 Data of CO2 exhaust method 2.01 2.35 1.87 2.59 2.89 6.61 6.35 6.89 8.35 8.00 Microwave carbon testing data 2.65 3.38 3.92 1.97 4.29 3.63 7.56 7.63 7.95 6.29 Data& information fusion 2.13 2.94 3.59 1.72 3.96 3.35 7.31 7.44 7.59 6.12 Data of CO2 exhaust method 2.22 3.10 3.65 1.80 4.00 3.41 7.42 7.52 7.65 6.18 Controls on Boiler Combustion When the boiler is in combustion, the data of flue gas makes response to the combustion working state of boiler.
Online since: February 2007
Authors: Genki Yagawa, Shinobu Yoshimura, Yoshihiro Isobe, Mitsuyuki Sagisaka
Methods And Input Data
Risk Analysis.
⎭ ⎬ ⎫ ⎩ ⎨ ⎧ − − × = 72.0 )5.2(log exp 6.02 1 )( 2 t t tf π (1) Regarding SCC crack propagation laws of Inconel 600 in primary water under PWR operating conditions, the experimental data were reported by Scott et. al [1] as shown in Fig.2.
Input data applied in the analysis are summarized in Table 1.
These data are based on the normal operational conditions and data in the literatures.
This should be due to the higher availability of the plant and the subsequent reduction of maintenance cost including inspection cost.
⎭ ⎬ ⎫ ⎩ ⎨ ⎧ − − × = 72.0 )5.2(log exp 6.02 1 )( 2 t t tf π (1) Regarding SCC crack propagation laws of Inconel 600 in primary water under PWR operating conditions, the experimental data were reported by Scott et. al [1] as shown in Fig.2.
Input data applied in the analysis are summarized in Table 1.
These data are based on the normal operational conditions and data in the literatures.
This should be due to the higher availability of the plant and the subsequent reduction of maintenance cost including inspection cost.
Online since: July 2022
Authors: Nina Rashkevich, Kateryna Tsytlishvili, Dana Poltavska
Known identification approaches are expensive, time consuming or require an immense amount of data.
The issues of building a mathematical model to determine the approximate required level of reduction of harmful effects on the surface water body (site) for the inflow of pollutants are considered by the authors [21].
Initial data for the experiment: the dose of ozone in the mixture – 5 mg/dm3; consumption of O3 in the mixture – 1 l/min.; the concentration of O3 in the ozone-air mixture is 7 mg/dm3.
Initial data for the experiment: the fixed dose of ozone in the mixture was 5 mg/dm3; consumption of O3 in the mixture – 1 dm3/min.; concentration of O3 in the ozone-air mixture – 7 mg/dm3; the period of treatment of the model wastewater is 7 minutes 10 sec.; dose of hydrogen peroxide 0.5 g per 1 g of O3, i.e. 3.5 mg of H2O2 in 1 min.
Dynamics of indicators in the treatment of runoff in the bioreactor in the case of pre-treatment by the method of AOPs From the experimental data it was found that after treatment of the effluent by the method of AOPs (7 min. 10 s.)
The issues of building a mathematical model to determine the approximate required level of reduction of harmful effects on the surface water body (site) for the inflow of pollutants are considered by the authors [21].
Initial data for the experiment: the dose of ozone in the mixture – 5 mg/dm3; consumption of O3 in the mixture – 1 l/min.; the concentration of O3 in the ozone-air mixture is 7 mg/dm3.
Initial data for the experiment: the fixed dose of ozone in the mixture was 5 mg/dm3; consumption of O3 in the mixture – 1 dm3/min.; concentration of O3 in the ozone-air mixture – 7 mg/dm3; the period of treatment of the model wastewater is 7 minutes 10 sec.; dose of hydrogen peroxide 0.5 g per 1 g of O3, i.e. 3.5 mg of H2O2 in 1 min.
Dynamics of indicators in the treatment of runoff in the bioreactor in the case of pre-treatment by the method of AOPs From the experimental data it was found that after treatment of the effluent by the method of AOPs (7 min. 10 s.)
Online since: November 2025
Authors: Olga Bondarenko, Oleksii Tsapko, Yuriy Tsapko, Ivan Kasyanchuk
The NMR relaxation data confirm the degradation process observed using other methods by observing changes in the proton relaxation data values for all samples, comparing the values after and before degradation.
Biocomposite nanofibers containing 1% chitosan and 0.25% Ag+ were found to have ≥4.78 log reduction and ≥99.99% reduction in bacterial population compared to the tested bacterial species and exhibited strong antibacterial properties.
However, data on the effect of modification on diffusion through wood cell walls are lacking.
This is consistent with the practical data well known from the works [21, 22], whose authors, incidentally, also link the effectiveness of wood bioprotection with flame retardants.
However, unlike the results published in [23, 24], the data obtained on the influence of synthetic resins on the process of inhibition of biodegradation allow us to state the following: – the main regulator of the process is not so much isolation from air exposure, but also the formation of a significant amount of bioisolation for the penetration of microorganisms, since some agents are destroyed under the influence of biological action; – a significant impact on the process of protecting a wood-polymer composite when using synthetic resin is carried out in the direction of forming an insulating layer throughout the entire volume of the product that is resistant to destruction under the influence of biological vibrations.
Biocomposite nanofibers containing 1% chitosan and 0.25% Ag+ were found to have ≥4.78 log reduction and ≥99.99% reduction in bacterial population compared to the tested bacterial species and exhibited strong antibacterial properties.
However, data on the effect of modification on diffusion through wood cell walls are lacking.
This is consistent with the practical data well known from the works [21, 22], whose authors, incidentally, also link the effectiveness of wood bioprotection with flame retardants.
However, unlike the results published in [23, 24], the data obtained on the influence of synthetic resins on the process of inhibition of biodegradation allow us to state the following: – the main regulator of the process is not so much isolation from air exposure, but also the formation of a significant amount of bioisolation for the penetration of microorganisms, since some agents are destroyed under the influence of biological action; – a significant impact on the process of protecting a wood-polymer composite when using synthetic resin is carried out in the direction of forming an insulating layer throughout the entire volume of the product that is resistant to destruction under the influence of biological vibrations.
Online since: July 2017
Authors: Gerald Singer, Harald Rennhofer, Gerhard Sinn, Miriam M. Unterlass, Josef Wendrinsky, Helga C. Lichtenegger, Ursula Windberger
Introduction
One of the most important engineering requirements for modern materials is the reduction of weight and an increase of performance and functionality at the same time.
Due to the different rotational speed of two adjacent rolls in a three-roll mill, particles that pass through the gap are exposed to high shear forces, which cause a reduction of the agglomerate size.
Also the line pressure increases from the first to the third step of dispersion because of the gradual reduction of the gap size.
[11] Information on http://www.nanocyl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/DM-TI-02-TDS-NC7000-V08.pdf (Jan 2017) [12] Information on http://www.nanocyl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Technical-Data-Sheet-NC3152-V01.pdf (Jan 2017) [13] Information on http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/technical-documents/articles/materials-science/nanomaterials/carbon-nanofibers.html [14] C.M.
Due to the different rotational speed of two adjacent rolls in a three-roll mill, particles that pass through the gap are exposed to high shear forces, which cause a reduction of the agglomerate size.
Also the line pressure increases from the first to the third step of dispersion because of the gradual reduction of the gap size.
[11] Information on http://www.nanocyl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/DM-TI-02-TDS-NC7000-V08.pdf (Jan 2017) [12] Information on http://www.nanocyl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Technical-Data-Sheet-NC3152-V01.pdf (Jan 2017) [13] Information on http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/technical-documents/articles/materials-science/nanomaterials/carbon-nanofibers.html [14] C.M.
Online since: July 2013
Authors: Qun Li, Hong Tao Hou, Xiang Hui Zeng, Qiang Chang
The core principle of this method is that all the receivers share data with its neighbors in an unstructured way, no data center or infrastructure is needed.
P2P-CP strategy Based on the differing natures of the exchanged data, two different strategies are investigated: GNSS data only, and hybrid GNSS data [6]. 1) GNSS data only peer-to peer approach In GNSS data only approach, the missing equations necessary for the PVT solution can be obtained by using the pseudorange measurements between the aiding peers and one or more satellites out of the user visibility.
GNSS data including data generated in GNSS system or obtained by processing GNSS signals.
l Data fusion algorithm Data fusion algorithms are used to merge information from satellites and neighboring nodes to solve the hybrid set of equations.
The two types of networks corresponding to these two algorithms are shown in Fig. 3: Based on the differing natures of the exchanged data, P2P-CP algorithms can be categorized into two types: GNSS data only algorithm, and Hybrid GNSS data algorithm.
P2P-CP strategy Based on the differing natures of the exchanged data, two different strategies are investigated: GNSS data only, and hybrid GNSS data [6]. 1) GNSS data only peer-to peer approach In GNSS data only approach, the missing equations necessary for the PVT solution can be obtained by using the pseudorange measurements between the aiding peers and one or more satellites out of the user visibility.
GNSS data including data generated in GNSS system or obtained by processing GNSS signals.
l Data fusion algorithm Data fusion algorithms are used to merge information from satellites and neighboring nodes to solve the hybrid set of equations.
The two types of networks corresponding to these two algorithms are shown in Fig. 3: Based on the differing natures of the exchanged data, P2P-CP algorithms can be categorized into two types: GNSS data only algorithm, and Hybrid GNSS data algorithm.
Online since: December 2009
Authors: G. Percoco
Building a CAD model
from point cloud data is not necessary in this case.
In [3] the Bspline surface fitting and direct slicing from 3D data is addressed.
In [6] a methodology to convert point cloud data to a physical prototype is presented.
In [7] an RE-RP interface is developed by reducing point cloud data.
[2] Chen YH, Ng CT, Wang YZ (1999) Data reduction in integrated reverse engineering and rapid prototyping.
In [3] the Bspline surface fitting and direct slicing from 3D data is addressed.
In [6] a methodology to convert point cloud data to a physical prototype is presented.
In [7] an RE-RP interface is developed by reducing point cloud data.
[2] Chen YH, Ng CT, Wang YZ (1999) Data reduction in integrated reverse engineering and rapid prototyping.
Online since: December 2022
Authors: Hoang Thien Le, Tri Nhut Pham, Thi Hong Nhan Le, Van Thinh Pham
The application of natural pigments like anthocyanin carries substantial implications in various industries due to their health benefits, including antioxidant abilities, limiting resistance reduction and anti-inflammatory activities.
The different letters between the data columns represent a statistically significant difference (p<0.05).
The different letters between the data columns represent a statistically significant difference (p<0.05).