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The crystal grains in altered wallrock become large, and often accompanied with recrystallization and decolourization.
Metallogenic age and metallogenic stage There are intense controversies about the age from a number of deposits in Sichuan – Yunnan - Guizhou lead - zinc polymetallic metallogenic belt.

Numbers 1, 2 and 3 denote irradiated surface area during surface XRD measurements in longitudinal (L) and transverse (T) directions and correspond to beginning (area 1), centre (2) and the end (3) of laser beam path.
The surface after temperature treatment shows isotropic fine-grained polycrystalline structure, i.e.

Introduction Nano materials are represented by particles with average grain diameters in the range of 1 to 100 nm[1].
Furthermore, nanoeffect of AP in NLGEM and porous structure of NLGEM could reduce the number of hotspots and consume the part of impact energy to weaken the impact strength, so it can remarkably reduce the sensitivities of NLGEM.

This high-speed vibration causes what is termed gigacycle fatigue in which cycle numbers exceed 109.
This steel had a tempered martensitic microstructure with a prior austenite grain size of 30 µm.

A number of corrosion studies involving stainless steel material have been carried out.
The corrosion progression rate is affected by the high stress because the high stress concentrations at the initial austenitic grain boundaries induced more pit nucleation [9], hence we examined the strain distribution in tensile test on finite element analysis (FEA).

Field studies or research in the swash zone have been relatively few in numbers (none in Malaysia) and there is a clear need to improve current available field equipment in order to get high quality data for better understanding of this complex process.
Modelling coarse-grained beach profile evolution.

Compared with other formulations, acid sulphate copper plating baths provide a number of desirable features, including the lower cost, fast deposition rate, ease in maintenance, lower toxicity, and good uniformity in strength and ductility [4].
It is noteworthy that the electroplating of copper with or without sodium citrate followed Scharitker−Hill 3D instantaneous nucleating and subsequent grain growth mechanism which is controlled by diffusion of copper ions.

The corrosion rate was calculated using the following equation [6-7]: (1) where: jcorr is the corrosion current density , M – molecular weight of iron, n – number of electrons exchanged, r - iron density.
In result of laser treatment different oxides and fine grains form on the surface of coating, which leads to different corrosion characteristics.

The diffusion of gaseous molecules through the grain boundaries of the organic active layer into the channel region is critical.
A number of methods has been developed to improve electrical conductivity and sensitivity of OTFTs, such as doping carbon nanotubes (CNTs) or using metal oxide materials, etc[6,7].

M— Nickel ions or Manganese ions; L—chelating molecules; n—chelating number; β1，β2，βn—chelating equilibrium constant; Table 1, The reaction equation and equilibrium constant in the solution No Equation lgKβ 1 NH3+H+=NH4+ lgKah=9.27 2 H2O=H++OH- lgKw=-14.0 3 Ni(OH)2(s)=Ni2++2OH- lgKspnh=-13.7 4 Ni2++OH-=Ni(OH)+ lgKnh1=3.97 5 Ni2++2OH-=Ni(OH)20 lgKnh6=7.55 6 Ni2++3OH-=Ni(OH)3- lgKnh3=11.33 7 2Ni2++OH-=Ni2(OH)3+ lgKnh5=3.3 8 Ni2++NH3=Ni(NH3)2+ lgKnn1=2.8 9 Ni2++2NH3=Ni(NH3)22+ lgKnn2=4.04 10 Ni2++3NH3=Ni(NH3)32+ lgKnn3=5.77 11 Ni2++4NH3=Ni(NH3)42+ lgKnn4=6.96 12 Ni2++5NH3=Ni(NH3)52+ lgKnn5=2.71 13 Ni2++6NH3=Ni(NH3)62+ lgKnn6=2.74 14 Mn(OH)2(s)=Mn2++2OH- lgKspmh=-12.8 15 Mn2++OH-=Mn(OH)+ lgKnh1=3.4 16 Mn2++3OH-=Mn(OH)3- lgKnh2=7.3 17 2Mn2++OH-=Mn2(OH)3+ lgKnh4=3.4 18 2Mn2++3OH-=Mn(OH)3+ lgKnh5=17.1 19 Mn2++NH3=Mn(NH3)2+ lgKmn1=1.0 20 Mn2++2NH3=Mn(NH3)22+ lgKmn2=1.54 21 Mn2++3NH3=Mn(NH3)32+ lgKmn3=1.70 22 Mn2++4NH3=Mn(NH3)42+ lgKmn4=1.30 The relations in co-precipitation system are as follows
So, when pH=11 and [NH3]=0.8-1mol/L, the morphology of Ni1/2Mn1/2(OH)2 is the best, and the total ammonia concentration in the reactor close to 0.4mol/L at this moment; when the ammonia concentration is lower, the particle size of formed Ni1/2Mn1/2(OH)2 is smaller and prone to agglomeration, the particles are large; while the ammonia concentration is higher, nickel ion and ammonia is easily formed complex and the precipitation is incomplete and the speed of grain growth is slow.