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As shown in Fig. 1, crystal grains with size of several to several tens micro-meters were growing.
(4) Here, the pre-exponential factor σ0 is a function of the carrier number density, charge of the carrier, hopping distance, attempt frequency and correlation factor, and Δ is the activation energy.

Introduction Low carbon steel is widely used in a large number of applications including automobile frames, pipelines, ship plates, bridge beams etc.
We observe also that the microstructure of the coating prepared at 100mm is more dense with fine grains than the coating obtained at 120 and 140mm respectively, and the corresponding splats are thinner at 100mm In order to explain the microstructure of the three coating, image analysis was used to determine the porosity fraction, and Vickers microhardness measurement using a load of 200g for 15s to (a) (b) (c) Fig.2.

A total number of 1.5 x 10 4 cells were cultured on each sample.
On the surface oxidized with H2SO4, the AFM image reveals that regions between pores are rough, composed of small Ti oxide grains.

For example, the ratio of crystalline-to-amorphous rrP3HT in solution processed films can dramatically influence charge carrier transport in oFET devices both through polymer intrachain conformation effects and through changes in crystalline grain sizes and the limits imposed by these structural domain boundaries per unit length[3, 4].
Figure 1b shows the MWNT structure and the analysis of 15 tubes led to the determination of distribution of number of graphene walls in this sample: 8 ±3 nm.

A number of candidate alloys have been proposed as alternative solders to high temperature high lead solders.
SEM images of a) Pure Zn, b) Zn-0.5Mg, c) Zn-1Mg, d) Zn-2Mg, e) Zn-5Mg and f) Zn-7Mg Pure Zn showed moreover homogenous grains.

Though the grain yield of sweet sorghum is low compared with other crop plants, it contains abundant sugar in its stalk which can be converted to fuel alcohol with an estimated production of 3 tones ethanol per ha land.
Implying sufficient nitrogen can increase the photochemical efficiency by the following facets: increase the number of active reactions centers, increase the trapped energy of the leave section and promote the quantum-driven electron movement through the electron transport chain and meanwhile reduce the lose of absorbed energy as heat dissipation, increase the size of PQ sink and at the same time increase the extent of reaction centers’ openness..

These could be attributed to grain boundary migration during thermal ageing.
After thermal ageing (Fig. 1.d), the morphology of the Rh coating changes significantly with an obvious increase of crack number and crack width (up to 2 µm).

Phosphorite ores in Yunnan is a kind of special medium and low grade phosphate rock,because of its unique dissemination characteristics,we needs to be well controlled mineral particle size so that a well monomer dissociation of the phosphate rock particles,but too small particle size of grinding may lead to pulverization for a large number of phosphorus ore,therefore it will causes a waste of resources,so choose the appropriate fine grinding medium is a feasible solution to solve this problem, it will not only improve the grinding efficiency,but also the grinding product characteristics.
Grinding tests If The phosphorite in Yunnan is unique low grade,the former study found that phosphate rock is mainly a false oolitic structure output in the ore,its main granularity ranges from 0.05 to 0.3mm,which belongs to the fine-grained dissemination.In order to make the ore recovered as completely s possible,it is essential to control the product particle size in 200~400mesh.And there are three ways need to do,firstly,increase this part of level ratio,which strictly requires the grinding medium,a strong impact shoule be give up;secondly,strengthen the grinding effect of grinding medium,to decrease as far as possible pulverization level rate under the premise of useful minerals and gangue minerals separated; thirdly,guarantee a high monomer dissociation.the low grade collophane mechanical properties results is shown in Table 1: Table 1.

There are number of issues in micro-scale machining that are fundamentally different from macro-scale machining [2].
Interior sliding of the work hardened machined surface over the tool flank has resulted in a textured surface with elongated grains.

The IBSD system mainly consists of a cylindrical vacuum chamber (sputtering chamber), a number of ports that are distributed around the cylindrical surface of chamber, magnetron cathodes, substrate holder and ions guns.
Low Al content (≤0.4) results in rich-Al fcc-TiAlN structure, higher Al content (>0.4) promotes multiphase structures with refined equiaxed grain growth by the limited solubility of Al in TiN and Ti in AlN [9].