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The calculation was in good agreement with the result of flame photometry. 1 Introduction One of the important corrosion initiation aspects of the pore solution chemistry in concrete is its pH.
Barnes, in: Structure and performance of cements, Applied Science Publishers, London and New York(1983). ,[] D.F.

Introduction Due to the fast development in today’s industry, the utilization of global energy rises rapidly.Hence,many advanced countries try to build new power plants, steel industries, paper industries, chemistry industries and petrochemical industries through the rise of process and system temperature, pressure and strict environment protection requirements and high performance control characteristics.Meanwhile, energy renewalways also aggressively promoted[1].Generally speaking, high performance control valves are commonly used as the key equipment for power plants/petrochemical plants, the steel industry, paper industry, chemistry industry and semiconductor industry[2].Hence,it should be carefully and safely operated and utilized so as to avoid the occurrence of major disasters.
The QFDis to transform the customer’s need into design need, and to focus on a few design keys in the project goal.Meanwhile, it is important to analyze and locate the key technical issues or contradictions of high performance control valve.TRIZ is applied in systematic innovative thinking and in solving contradictory problems.The problems to be solved include engineering technology or product structure.
Fig.5:The structure chart of TRIZ TRIZ provides 40 innovative principles.
This can assist designers and manufacturers to understand the various factors related to quality characteristics, product structure, manufacturability and product ability in order to reduce overall design-stability quality and manufacturing costs.QFD is capable of identifying functions that need improvement in a given product.
There are trade-offs that should be defined in the contradictory conflict problem.TRIZ is applied in systematic innovative thinking and in solving contradictory problem.The problems to be solved include engineering technology or product structure.

Sliver nanoparticles were synthesized by wet chemistry method and were dispersed in an aqueous suspension and prepared in different concentrations.
The chemical process depends on adding chemical agent to the water with specific concentration and time to inactivate most of the microorganisms in the water, whereas the physical disinfection is done either by exposing microorganisms to a light of specific wavelength and intensity for sufficient time to alter the structure of these microorganisms irreversibly.
Uniqueness characteristics of nanoparticles attributed to their structures, size (usually ranging from 1 to 100nm), higher surface-to volume ratios (increased the located atoms at the grain boundaries) thus they exhibit significantly novel physical, chemical, and biological properties.
Similar mechanism causes the degradation of the membrane structure of E. coli throughout treatment with silver nanoparticles [40].

In this perspective, the reliability of the final joint and the dispersion of the values of its mechanical strength are closely influenced by the interfacial chemistry.
Which compound can form depends both on the chemistry of the system and on the kinetics of the advancement of the triple line.
In addition, isopleths of the equilibrium transformations of the Ni-X/diborides pairs are also available, making it possible to interpret the solidification structures.
Indeed, the use of a liquid metal phase as the means to join materials of such different structures and properties, represents a challenge aimed at minimizing and controlling the dissolution phenomena, the reactions and the subsequent solidification transformations that determine the final resistance of the joint structure.
Li, General trends in electronic structure, stability, chemical bonding and mechanical properties of ultrahigh temperature ceramics TMB2 (TM=transition metal), J.

This systematic approach provides an overall structure for the application of the collection of TRIZ tools and techniques.
Structured and yet simple model based problem solving methodology, is required in industries mainly to avoid any repeated breakdown occurrences.
In order to solve the problems, the issue has been analyzed through ETRIZ by following a structured and systematic approach that consist of four stages.
CEC is a process of asking continuous “WHYs” until to the point it cannot be answered or it reaches the fundamental law of physics, chemistry or technology limit.
The ETRIZ provides a structure to thinking and brain- storming when used in a group that leads to more effective teamwork.

However, according to the analysis of rule set’s structure and matching process, we can conclude that many matching processes are not necessary, and there is large room to be optimized.
Rules optimizer must meet two requirements: (1) construct the smallest and the most efficient rules set impossible; (2) structure discretized rules set.
Rules optimizer utilizes independent parameters structure rules subset.
General structure of rule set optimization As is shown in Figure 3, the overall structure optimization of a rule set is constructed, which is more in detail than that in Figure 3.
Conclusion With the rapid development of Internet technology, network structure is becoming more and more complicated; network security has become increasingly important and complicated.

The presence of bisphenol A in the structure of oligoester P-2 may be proved by absorption peaks at 1197 cm-1 and 1160 cm-1 corresponding to deformation vibrations of the C(CH3) bond.
Nowak, Synthesis and structure of the p-hydroxybenzoic acid polymer, J.
Gamlen, Aspects of the chemistry of poly(ethylene terephthalate): 5.
Parrish, High-temperature structures of poly(p-hydroxybenzoic acid), Macromolecules. 23 (1990) 1793-1799
Chivers, The Effect of Chain-kinks on the Phases and Structure of a Series of Thermotropic Liquid Crystal Polyesters Prepared by a Novel Non-aqueous Dispersion Route, High Perform.

A broad peak centred at 31° without any other diffraction peaks confirms a fully amorphous structure in the as-cast sample (Fig. 2a1).
As for Zn50.72Mg23.44Ca25.84 alloy, Fig. 2b1 displays that the as-cast crystal structure was a composite of CaMg2 and CaZn2 phases within the amorphous matrix.
This fully crystalline structure displayed peaks corresponding to Ca2Mg5Zn13, Mg4Zn7, CaZn, Ca2Mg6Zn3, CaZn3.04, Mg, CaMg2 and CaZn2.
Calorimetric evidence for the micro-quasicrystalline structure of'amorphous' Al/transition metal alloys. 
Materials Chemistry and Physics, 134(2-3), pp.1079-1087.

Introduction A biosensor is defined by International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) as a device that senses the biochemical reactions of an isolated antibody, enzyme, receptor protein, blood, and such, by an electrical signal, which to be detected by a transducer [1].
Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) Titanium Dioxide or in another name is Titania exist in three basic of crystalline polymorphous phases, namely anatase and rutile, which in tetragonal structure and brookite in orthorhombic structure.
It has been reported that Rutile structure is the most stable phase compared to anatase and brookite [14].
In general, the various deposition techniques will result in different TiO2 structure, surface morphology and other properties of TiO2 thin film.
[12] “Process Integration, Devices, and Structure,” 2011

Sulfate Attack on Different Types of Concrete in Media Simulating Sewer System VYŠVAŘIL Martin1, a *, ROVNANÍKOVÁ Markéta1, b and BAYER Patrik1, c 1 Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Chemistry, Žižkova 17, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic avysvaril.m@fce.vutbr.cz, bchroma.m@fce.vutbr.cz, cbayer.p@fce.vutbr.cz Keywords: sulfate attack, concrete, sulfuric acid, waste water, pH, sulfates, porosity Abstract.
The primary reaction of sulfate anions with calcium hydroxide, present in the cement paste, leads to a formation of calcium sulfate dihydrate (gypsum) and voluminous ettringite and this process is a major cause of the cracking and disintegration of concrete structures [5-7].
After the one-year 0.5% sulfuric acid effect and the effect of waste water, any expansion and disturbances of the concrete structure due to the formation of large crystals of ettringite and gypsum do not occur; contrary the inner structure of samples becomes more compact due to the filling of pores by reaction products of the sulfate corrosion.
However, the greatest danger impends in the gradual depletion of the samples through an aggressive reaction of H2SO4 with a cement matrix and after a long time, it can lead to an exposure of a reinforcement in concrete structures and its subsequent corrosion.
LO1408 „AdMaS UP – Advanced Materials, Structures and Technologies“.