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High data transmission rates impose stringent requirements on the functionality of the switching devices.
The thin films vs. bulk materials allow high integration flexibility of the deflector elements and also significant reduction of the power necessary for the device operation.
In general, double lenses allow significant reduction of the backreflections without application of antireflective coating.

For PVS/cyclohexane, the obtained model values were further corrected for the volume fraction of the solvent (50 %), assuming a complete evaporation of the solvent and an equivalent reduction in layer thickness by 50 % (Fig. 4).
In our case, the fitting parameters a = 71.34 and b = -0.526 were found suitable (still assuming a reduction of the film thickness by 50 %).
Fig. 5: Experimental and model data of the layer thickness of cross-linked PVS layers from PVS/cyclohexane solutions (50 Vol.%) as a function of withdrawal speed.

Introduction The improvement of ULSI performance has been achieved by the increase of packaging density resulted from the reduction of devices.
However, the physical limitations appear in the further reduction at the age of sub-100nm MOSFET. 1) In this situation, Si wafers are required additional performances to solve the appeared problems.
Arzt, Properties of Strained and Relaxed Silicon Germanium, EMIS Data Reviews Series No. 12 (INSPEC, IEE, London, 1995), 67

The data indicate a decrease in hardness with increasing EPO content above 50 wt%, except for samples containing Tegostab® B82001 VE, where hardness remained constant despite the increased EPO content.
The reduction in hardness with rising EPO content is primarily due to the plasticizing effect of the dangling hydrocarbon chains present in the EPO structure.
In the case of polyurethane foam containing Tegostab® B82001 VE, a significant reduction in cell size and an increase in cell density were observed.

In Fig. 2 of the study data also shows that using a 15W laser leads to a peak microhardness of around 330 HV at a depth of 0.20 mm before decreasing; whereas treatments with 100W and 200W by Dai et al. [9] maintain the microhardness levels above 400 HV at similar depths indicating that increased laser power improves hardening effect.
In contrast, laser-textured surfaces exhibited a 5% reduction in the coefficient of friction (COF) and a 3% decrease in wear rate, as per Fig. 4.
Key findings include a 7% increase in surface microhardness and reductions in coefficient of friction (COF) and wear rate (WR) by 5% and 3%, respectively.

Load and mid-span deflection were recorded on a computerized data recording system.
Due to the reduction of cement used in series G80, lower compressive strengths compared with series G60 and G70 sieved sand (ranged 42-43 MPa) were obtained.
Overall, mixtures G80 series gave the best performance in flexural and it is suggested that reduction amount of cement in ECC mixtures when RCF is used did not bring detrimental effect on flexural ductility of green ECC.

In these microstructures, early stages of tempering are driven by the reduction of carbon supersaturation in BCT ferrite (and consequently tetragonality) via carbon diffusion to lattice defects and, depending on the temperature and carbon content, precipitation of transition carbides or cementite.
At 300 C, low Si grades such as A and D exhibited full retained austenite decomposition, whilst higher Si grades such as grade E had only undergone a reduction in retained austenite of a few percents (from 14 to 11 %).
Gray curves are for data acquired at or below Ms.

In order to satisfy the constraint that an ant visits all the n different towns,each ant has a data structure called the tabu list,that saves the towns already visited up to time t and forbids the ant to visit them again before n iterations (a tour) have been completed.
In order not to increase the complexity of the algorithm, and without loss of generality,Q in formula (3),(5),(6) is multiplied by the reduction factor (n+m-s)/(n+m) by linear decreasing pheromone update methods.
Q in formula (3),(5),(6) is multiplied by the reduction factor (n+m-s)/(n+m) by linear decreasing pheromone update methods.

Data shows that Portland cement production is responsible for 8% of total CO2 emissions [5].
For materials MK650 and MK750, shown in Fig. 1d1 and Fig. 1e1, respectively, metakaolin produced from kaolin through heat treatment exhibited the disappearance of some peaks, such as at 2θ = 12.39° and 24.9°, and a reduction in other peaks [10,13].
For the materials MK650 and MK750, shown in Fig. 3d and Fig. 3e, respectively, the metakaolin produced from kaolin through heat treatment exhibited the disappearance of some peaks, such as at 2θ = 12.39° and 24.9°, a reduction in other peaks, and the appearance of a new peak at 25.31°, highlighting the transformation of kaolin into metakaolin [10,13].

Certain elements (Ca, Si) can reduce such problems by influencing the ash chemistry resulting in an increase of the ash melting temperature and a reduction of corrosion an fouling through the capture of alkalis in the bottom ash [7,10-12].
Element data concentrations below 0.01 wt% in ash are not presented.
However at the optimum primary excess air ratio, the NOx reduction is 60-70%.