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By the early 2000s, restructuring the PNGV was recommended [2] due to its progress and changes in the USA market for automotive passenger vehicles from mainly autos to more sport-utility vehicles, vans and light-duty trucks; advancement of automotive technologies elsewhere in the world; and the realization that full fuel efficiencies associated with PNGV technologies would not be realized in large numbers until breakthroughs rendered them more cost-competitive given the relatively low costs of fuel in the USA.
Work is underway on this project to evaluate modifications to existing heat treatable alloys, combined with thermo-mechanical processing methods to produce a fine-grained SPF sheet with a post-formed heat treat response.
The development of a fine grain microstructure that remains stable at SPF temperatures generally requires a combination of alloy chemistry adjustment together with combinations of hot and cold rolling into sheet.

A number of experimental and analytical studies [12-16] provided valuable insight revealing that RDJ failure under shear loading is typically brittle, initiates at the bottom of the dovetail of the joist member, and occurs at load levels much below the member strength.
However, the increased stiffness of the reinforced RDJs caused significant compressions perpendicular to the grain below the metal plate where the load was applied.
The plastic behaviour of the wood under compression parallel to the grain and non-linear behaviour at the GFRP/wood interface observed over the intermediate support are appointed as responsible for this high level of ductility and redistribution; iii) the slabs strengthened with the EBR technique reached the predefined load increment.

A considerable number of research investigations in the strain hardening behavior of ADI [2-4] have been conducted by employing tensile testing and different deformation experiments.
This interaction between ferrite and retained austenite depends on quantity, distribution and grain size of both phases and additionally the mechanical stability of the retained austenite.
· Samples austempered at high temperatures -ADI/375- have a greater tendency to produce strain induced martensite due to the large amount and grain size of retained austenite which reached up to 36%.

Only a few factors can be covered, or a large number of experiment treatment analysis factors are needed.
However, strengthening the water resources management will play a more important role in increase of yields of grains and major crops in various areas in China because of the impact by climate change, engineering type water shortage and quality type water shortage in recent years, so, it will be necessary to further popularize the model in southern areas in China.
Extension of simulation objects The simulation objects of the crop model are basically dominated by grain crops, mainly including wheat and corn, supplemented by crops like soybean and cotton in some individual studies.

In addition, instrumented techniques probe a small volume of material, allowing for the determination of local properties and small volumes of materials (such as single grains, phases or thin films).
It has to be taken in mind that, although a large number of materials present size-effects, specially with increasing values of hardness for small penetration depths, this is not an universal phenomenon and other common methods have to be discarded (specially incorrect tip calibration) before being sure that the material presents a real size-effect.
In case that the evaluation of toughness of very small volumes of material are required (e.g. grains, phases, coatings), obtuse indenters like the Berkovich do not produce cracks large enough for a correct estimation of KIc.

Wrought iron was essential because it had high ductility and strength in the longitudinal direction, due to the ductile iron grains; transverse cracks had a fibrous (silky) appearance (now referred to as dimpled) due to formation of voids at the slag [5,8-10].
optimum spacing and number of rows of rivets [1,11].
The brittleness had been induced by WI workers inadvertently over heating to liquefy low melting impurities at the grain boundaries.

There will always be a carbon flux through the chromia layer especially at weaker points such as the middle of larger surface grains [14].
The numbers show EDS-analysis points with following phases: (1):Ferrite, (2):M7C3, (3):M3C-carbide, (4):Oxide with carbon, (5):Fe-rich particles, (6):Coke; carbon and oxides.
These two processes work in collaboration; the carbides dissolve since there is a decreasing Cr-gradient towards the Crcontaining oxide and the process is promoted by the fine structured austenitic layer with graphite flakes, which provide fast Cr-diffusion paths by phase/grain boundary diffusion.

This is due to the grain coarsening leading to a decreasing sampling statistic at high temperature.
Then, diffraction rings belonging to martensite appear, and the diffraction rings of austenite become more and more close due to a plastic deformation and related increasing number of crystallites.
However, X-ray diffraction techniques give average information of thousands (millions) of “grains” which in general are randomly oriented, and therefore the average information contained in the measured area might be predominantly hydrostatic.

In determining the cleanliness, the number, size and area fraction of the non-metallic inclusions were measured under the light-optical microscope.
Backscattered electron image (left) and EPMA measurement (right) of the 120 min annealed strip sample at 1150 °C Also, signs of internal oxidation at the grain boundaries in the peripheral area are recognizable in Fig. 7 on the left side.
Raabe, Grain size effect on strain hardening in twinning-induced plasticity steels, Scripta Materialia 66 (2012) 992-996

The power output of a single PV cell is about 1 – 2 Watts and are therefore connected in large numbers to form solar modules or panels which are also connected to form module arrays, translating into larger power outputs [7].
In ancient Iran and Afghanistan, windmills were utilized for grinding grains in the tenth century according to numerous historical sources.
In the 12th century, the Dutch also built a strong reputation for utilizing wind to crush grains and other activities that required power.