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A limited number of metal powder materials are now available to be processed using LS, including steels, aluminum alloys, cobalt-chrome, copper, nickel alloys, and titanium alloys.
These microstructural features do not only include phases, grain-level, and dislocation-level characteristics, but also some more critical ones, such as AM defects [3] and residual stresses [4].
Smaller nodal distance would result in a larger number of elements that can fit in the same volume and similarly more nodes that would be solved in FE-solver during simulation.
Eventseries Roller Eventseries Time (s) X (mm) Y (mm) Z (mm) Power (mW) Time (s) X (mm) Y (mm) Z (mm) On/Off 0.007 0 1 0.02 195000 0 0 1 0.02 1 0.0245 14 1 0.02 0 0.0039 14 1 0.02 0 0.025 0 1 0.04 195000 0.0246 0 1 0.04 1 0.0425 14 1 0.04 0 0.0247 14 1 0.04 0 0.042989 0 1 0.06 195000 0.0426 0 1 0.06 1 0.060489 14 1 0.06 0 0.0427 14 1 0.06 0 0.060989 0 1 0.08 195000 0.060589 0 1 0.08 1 0.078489 14 1 0.08 0 0.060689 14 1 0.08 0 0.078989 0 1 0.1 195000 0.078589 0 1 0.1 1 0.096489 14 1 0.1 0 0.078689 14 1 0.1 0 0.101489 0 1 0.12 195000 0.096589 0 1 0.12 1 0.118989 14 1 0.12 0 0.096689 14 1 0.12 0 0.123989 0 1 0.14 195000 0.119089 0 1 0.14 1 0.141489 14 1 0.14 0 0.119189 14 1 0.14 0 0.146489 0 1 0.16 195000 0.141589 0 1 0.16 1 0.163989 14 1 0.16 0 0.141689 14 1 0.16 0 0.168989 0 1 0.18 195000 0.164089 0 1 0.18 1 0.186489 14 1 0.18 0 0.164189 14 1 0.18 0 0.191489 0 1 0.2 195000 0.186589 0 1 0.2 1 0.208989 14 1 0.2 0 0.186689 14 1 0.2 0 Table 3: Mesh sizes varied and equivalent number
This suggests 10 LpE model might not be useful for predicting the actual temperature history of Inconel-625. 854 T-lump 731 Layer number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2233 2227 2218 2204 2183 2147 2093 2000 1864 123 1601 Figure 6: Summary of temperature prediction using one layer per element with 0.02 mm mesh and 10-layers lumped per element with 0.2 mm mesh.

Compared to the LiMn2O4 and LiNi0.4Mn1.6O4 powders, the LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 powder is homogeneous without agglomerated particles, what′s more, fine grain with about 50 nm size dispersed between large particles with uniform size distribution, which will enhance the electrochemical performance by decreasing lithium ion diffusion length and increasing effective surface area contact with electrolyte.
Fig.4 Charge-discharge curves of Li/LiNixMn2-xO4 (x=0～0.4) cells at 0.1 C rate Fig. 5 shows the variations in the discharge capacity of spinel LiNixMn2-xO4 (x=0-0.4) with cycle numbers.
Fig. 5 The variations in the discharge capacity of spinel LiNixMn2-xO4 (x=0～0.4) with cycle number at 0.1 C rate The electrochemical characterization of spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 at 4.7 V high potential Fig. 6 shows the charge-discharge profiles of LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 cathode sample for the initial cycle at 0.1C rate between 3.3 V- 5.0 V.
So the discharge capacity and charge/discharge efficiency of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 sample are given as a function of cycle number at different rate in Fig. 8.
Therefore LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 electrode material showed good cycling performance and rate capacity Fig. 7 Cyclic voltammogram of the first three cycles for the LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 at a scan rate of 1 mVs-1 in the potential ranging from 3.3 V to 5.0 V Fig. 8 Variation of discharge capacity and charge/discharge efficiency of LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 with cycle numbers at different rate Conclusions Spinel LiNixMn2-xO4 (x=0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5) compounds with a spinel crystal structure were successfully synthesized by sol-gel method and the following conclusions were obtained: (1)As Mn was replaced by Ni, the initial capacity of compounds decreased, but their cycling performance were enhanced.

PM offer a number of advantages for cost savings: it is a near net-shape or net-shape process thus eliminating expensive material waste that occurs when machining from wrought stock, as well as reducing expensive machining processes [3]; also, it can utilise powder produced from titanium sponge, making the raw material less expensive than wrought titanium stock.
It typically consists of a number of process steps: powder blending or mixing, die compaction, sintering, secondary processes such as heat treatment or machining of final features [7].
A number of process models for the compaction and sintering exist [7].
For titanium, it has been found that the activation energy for sintering, determined as 160 kJ/mol by fitting experimental data for sintered titanium to the MSC model [2, 8], is similar to that of grain boundary diffusion for titanium, 158 kJ/mol [10].
Acknowledgements The facilities used to perform the experiments and experimental data presented in this paper were set up and collected by a number of students as part of their final year engineering research projects at Stellenbosch University’s Department of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering.

Standard and Literature Review When it comes to building physical and energetic calculations, large number of experts still using withdrawn Hungarian standards, e.g.
According to the reduced aspect ratio, the maximum ratio of the additive grain size of the designed concrete is the halved (dmax,original = 16 mm, while dmax,reduced = 8 mm).
In Table 2, after the RC sign, the first number refers to the number of steel rebars in specimens, the second number is refers to the diameter of the rebars in mm.

A specimen 500 mm long is twisted and the number of rotations is counted until it breaks.
The result shows that NC (cycle number to failure) of specimens clearly decreases with increasing the stress amplitude under any corrosion fatigue conditions, and the depression correlates with f, R and environmental media.
Plentiful intracrystalline dislocations of cold-drawn steel wires make its lattice seriously distort, therefore the crack growth in the grains becomes more difficult.
The presence of the dimples can reduce the fatigue crack growth rate and increase fatigue endurance with more cycle numbers to failure.
The cycle number to failure of pre-split steel wires was decreased with the increase of stress amplitude.

According to the use of the request, the community numbered D3-D7, energy-saving transformation.
Solve moisture dew technology: wall insulation was designed with two insulation systems, EPS Board and thin plastering exterior insulation system, gelatine powder EPS grain thermal insulation mortar exterior thermal insulation system, after repeated demonstration and testing, decided to adopt the EPS Board and thin plastering technology is more mature systems.

The average grain size for the alloy was about 20 mm after water quenching.
The work revealed that solute clusters of Ni and P atoms were present in the Cu-Ni-P alloys and the number density of the Ni-P clusters in the material annealed at 250 ℃ for 103 s was approximately six times larger than in the cold-rolled condition as described in [1].

Moreover, in general, one assumes that a network component of the specific heat, in the case of iso-structural compounds, is very close to itself and decreases pursuant to an increase of atomic number of an element i.e. from La to Gd [14].
The third component, related to dispersion at grain boundaries, is in this case negligibly small [19].

The effect of load on scratch depth is more prominent at higher number of scratching (³ 1000) than that at a lower value of the same (= 25).
The mechanism of improvement in microhardness in the composite layer is due to both grain refinement and dispersion strengthening.

A large number of coating techniques are available such as pack cementation, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), thermal spray, plasma spraying, etc.Fused slurry or slurry-fusing is a solid-liquid reaction diffusion process, in which the coating is formed by the interaction of substrate and melt.
After analysis and discussion,it can be found that thecoating fabricated at 1450°Cshowed excellent structure compatible with high temperature oxidation resistance. 2) The surface of coating at 1450°Cis relatively smooth with few holes and cracks and uniform grain particles; the main phase of the surface is (Ti,Ta)Si that has better high temperature oxidation resistance;the cross-sectional structure of the coating is smooth and compact which can effectively prevent O2 from penetration. 3) Moreover,the cross-sectional morphology and composition of the specimen coated at 1450°C were discussed in details.The coating has a dense multilayer structure and three layers can be observed from coating to matrix: (Ti, Ta)Si2 TaSi2 Ta5Si3+ TaSi2. 4) At last, the isothermal oxidation behaviors of coatings in pure O2 atmosphere at 1500°C for 2h were investigated.