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The tea waste is suitable as adsorbent because its leaves contain porous materials with network structure [9].
Result and Discussion Morphological study of tea waste Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 show images from the surface structure of tea waste by Leica Compound Microscope.
Fig. 2: Cu (II)-Loaded Tea Waste adsorption Fig. 1: Surface structure of tea waste before adsorption Identifying the molecular structure of tea waste compounds Fig. 4: Tea waste analysis by FTIR after adsorption Fig. 3: Tea waste analysis by FTIR before adsorption adsorption FTIR spectra of tea waste before and after copper adsorption are shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4, respectively.
A Novel Bio-Adsorbent of Mint Waste for Dyes Remediation in Aqueous Environments: Study and Modeling of Isotherms for Removal of Methylene Blue, Oriental Journal of Chemistry, 30(3), 1183-1189, 2014

Solution properties of Cationic Polyacrylamide Modified with Fluorinated Methacrylate Xiaojia Xue1,a, Xiaorui Li1,b, and Xiaojuan Lai1,c 1College of chemistry and chemical engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi’an, China axxj_cq@petrochina.com.cn, blixr@sust.edu.cn, c3578466@163.com Keywords: cationic polyacrylamide; fluorinated methacrylate; hydrophobic association; solution properties Abstract.
At high concentration, intermolecular hydrophobic association is predominant, which yields a transient network structure to offer excellent viscosity building capacity.
The structure of dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate (DFM) is shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1 Chemical structure of DFM Preparation of FPAM.
And after C*, the more the content of DFM in polymer structure, the higher the viscosities of solutions can be observed.

Magnetorheological finishing (MRF), which is a new polishing technique for optical elements based on the theories of electromagnetics, hydrodynamics and analytical chemistry, was presented by W.I.
A magnetic body is immersed in the MR polishing fluid (the mixture of MR fluid and micron-sized abrasive particles), then the magnetic particles in the MR fluid are forced to form a stable chain-like structure along the lines of magnetic force because of the effect of the magnetic field.
Fig. 3 Photograph of the experimental setup Based on the finite element simulation of the electromagnetic field and preliminary experimental study [6], the optimum structure of polishing disc is illustrated in Fig. 4.
Polishing plate Abrasive particles Workpiece Carbonyl iron Fig. 9 Removal model of the plate polishing method with the tiny-grinding wheel cluster Polishing plate Abrasive particles Workpiece Fig. 8 Removal model of conventional polishing method with dissociative abrasive particles 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.11 1.2 2.3 3.4 4.5 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 reduce thickness(mm) surface roughness(μｍ) Carbonyl iron content (%) Roughness Ra (μm) Lost sickness (mm) In the process of plate polishing with the MR effect-based tiny-grinding wheel cluster, the MR fluid presents a stable chain-like structure under the magnetic field, so a new thin polishing pad with certain thickness is formed (shown in Fig. 5.).
The results also show that, with the increase of magnetic field strength, the chain-like structure is more stable, and the stiffness of tiny-grinding wheel cluster is greater.

Foam composite index Fig.1 Foam composite index of different foaming agent in the condition of 30% oil Molecular structure of foaming betaine consists of nitrogen-containing cationic part and anionic part, cationic part is the long chain derivatives of amine and quaternary ammonium and anionic part is phosphate.
This structure determines the compatibility of foaming betaine is superior to that of normal anionic surfactants.
In the structure of fluorocarbon surfactant, hydrocarbon chains are partly replaced by fluorocarbon chains.
Due to the stable fluorocarbon structure, surfactant molecules directional gathered in gas-liquid interface, and then make the foam property excellent.
Yang, et al.: Journal of Chemistry.

Effect of Pretreatment and Dyeing Processes on the Physical Properties of Poly (Lactic Acid)/Cotton Blended Fabric Jantip Suesat1,a, Porntip Sae-be1,b and Potjanart Suwanruji2,c 1Department of Textile Science, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University Bangkok, Thailand 2Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University Bangkok, Thailand aJantip.s@ku.ac.th, bPorntip.s@ku.ac.th, cfscipjs@ku.ac.th Keywords: poly(lactic acid), PLA, cotton, blended fabric, pretreatment, dyeing.
An increase in PLA fabric strength after scouring was a result of the fabric shrinkage, rendering a more compact fabric structure.
The scouring process induced the PLA fabric strength due to the fabric structure being densified.
The fabric shrank during processing and a more dense fabric structure was obtained.
The more compact structure of cotton fabric resisted the fabric drape.

In plasma-based methods, modification of the surface structure or the chemical composition of the substrate is generally accomplished by high-energy plasma-generated species.
In contrast, Figure 4(b) shows the plasma-treated surface on which is formed a dense pitch-like structure after treatment with air plasma at high power and a low distance between nozzle and substrate.
Surface roughness, confirmed using SEM, was illustrated by the presence of dense pitch-like structures on the plasma-treated silicone rubber surfaces.
-D., et al., Nano-micro structured superhydrophobic zinc coating on steel for prevention of corrosion and ice adhesion.
Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing, 2013. 33(1): p. 177-200

Finally, the crystal structure of the samples is characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) (Rigaku D/max-Ra with CuKa, λ= 0.15418 nm). 3.2 Sensor fabrication and gas-sensing measurement The pure SnO2 and Pt-, CuO- and NiO-modified SnO2 film sensors cells are fabricated on alumina- based substrates with Pt inter-digital electrodes as shown in Fig. 1 (a).
SI and SII denote different sensing materials. 4 Results and discussion 4.1 Crystal structure of sensing materials The XRD patterns of the pure SnO2 and the NiO-, CuO- and Pt- modifying SnO2 calcined at 500 °C for 2 hours are shown in Fig. 1.
All peaks in patterns are corresponded to the rutile structure of SnO2 (JCPDS file No. 41-1445), in which any impurity phase had not appeared in samples.
Gouvêa, Microstructure and structure of NiO-SnO2 and Fe2O3-SnO2, Applied Surface Science 214 (2003) 172-177
Pagnier, Surface chemistry of nanocrystalline SnO2: effect of thermal treatment and additives, Sensors and Actuators B 126 (2007) 52–55

Preparation and some Physical Characterization of Rice Starch - Carboxymethyl Cellulose as Hemostatic Film Anucha Ruksanti1,a, Benyapa Mahapram2,b, Sakdiphon Thiansem3,c, Rangsarit Koonawoot1,d and Sittiporn Punyanitya4,e* 1Science and Technology Research Institute, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand 2Research Administration Office, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand 3Department of Industry Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand 4Innovative Biomaterials and Medical Device Research Group, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand aanucha.r@cmu.ac.th, bbenyapa.m@cmu.ac.th, csukdipown.t@cmu.ac.th, djiraporn.a@cmu.ac.th, e*sittiporn.pun@mfu.ac.th Keywords: Rice starch, Carboxymethyl cellulose, Solution casting, Physical interaction Abstract.
The RS film could be enhanced the mechanical properties by blending with CMC due to polymeric structure and high molecular weight of CMC [14].
Mechanical properties The polymeric structure and high molecular weight of CMC could be enhanced the mechanical properties of RS/CMC blend film [11].
This is due to the linkages between the hydroxyl groups of RS and the carboxyl groups of CMC that more compact molecule structures of the blend films.
The short, scattered crack that indicated homogeneous structure.

High crystallinity in polymer highly likely led to non-uniform cell foam structure.
Park, Strategies to achieve a uniform cell structure with a high void fraction in advanced structural foam molding, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. 47 (2008) 9457-9464
Kortschot, Effect of the crystallinity and morphology on the microcellular foam structure of semicrystalline polymers, Polymer Engineering & Science. 36 (1996) 2645–2662
Yamaguchi, Structure and properties for biomass-based polyester blends of PLA and PBS, European Polymer Journal. 44 (2008) 677-685

Corrosion Behavior of 3Cr Steel in Simulated Oilfield CO2 Environment Nan Ji1,2,a*, Xianren Kuang1,2,b, Kaiqi Ge3,c, Peng Wang1,2,d, Yan Long1,2,e, Chun Feng1,2,f 1Tubular Goods Research Institute of China National Petroleum Corporation, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China 2State Key Laboratory of Performance and Structure Safety of Petroleum Tubular Goods and Equipment Materials, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China 3Shale Gas Exploration and Development Project Department, CNPC Chuanqing Drilling Engineering Co.
The material used here was 3Cr steel with chemical composition (wt%) listed in Table 1, and the metallographic structure of the material was tempered sorbate as shown in Fig. 1.
pH HCO3- SO42- Cl- Ca2+ Mg2+ Na++K+ Fe3+ 6.07 330.2 1808.4 125554 10563.5 1630.2 67240.2 6.91 Fig. 1 Metallographic structure of 3Cr steel.
In practice, as the progress of the CO2 corrosion reaction, the steel surface would be covered by the corrosion product film, the steel’s dissolve rate would be integrated by the structure, thickness, stability and permeability of the film.
[15] Yongxin Lu, Hongyang Jing, Yongdian Han, Lianyong Xu, Effect of temperature on the 3Cr low-alloyed steel initial corrosion behavior in CO2 solution, Materials Chemistry and Physics,178 (2016) 160-172