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Compared to the as-received sample, the oxide scale on the GBE-treated sample shows randomly mixed oxides instead of a layered structure.
Due to the complexity of the spinels, the detailed structure has not been identified yet.
Wild, Grain Boundaries - Their Microstructure and Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, England, 2001
Panayotou, Grain-boundary structure effects on intergranular stress corrosion cracking of alloy X-750, Acta Mater. 44 (1996) 4685-4695
Schwertmann, The Iron Oxides - Structure, Properties, Reactions, Occurrences and Uses, 2 nd Ed., Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.

This problem has been solved when it was established that the external MF affects the structure of non-equilibrium intermediate clusters of point defects.
Direct experimental evidence of the participation of spins in MPEs [9, 10] and thermodynamic considerations developed previously in spin chemistry [11] led to a conclusion that non-equilibrium conditions are necessary to be provided for the effect of a weak MF upon physical properties of materials.
Since according to [19 - 22] MF influences the structure of low-atomic clusters of Eu 2+, which are formed in NaCl:Eu crystals by impurity aggregation or during movement of dislocations, we can assume that the PLC effect is sensitive to MF.
Therefore the study of the PLC effect under a MF allows better understanding of the interplay between the structure of Eu clusters and the behavior of the moving dislocations.
The specimens were cleavered of a bulk single crystal boule with the planes of cleaverage coinciding with (100) crystallographic planes (the structure of NaCl is simple cubic).

The originality of the project is to combine a soft chemistry process for nanowires elaboration with unconventional compaction technique (Spark Plasma Sintering) for their sintering.
Samples are poly-phasic and the pattern is indexed as a mixture of the hexagonal close packed (hcp) lattice (69%) and the face centered cubic structure (fcc) (31%) as determined by Match software.
Micrographs (Fig3a) show a regular cylindrical shape presenting cone head structures at both edges as well as TEM images.
The XRD patterns of this samples (Figures 2b, 2c) show that the predominant hexagonal close-packed structure of the Co80Ni20 NWs is also preserved after the sintering while the percentage of CoO decreased.
In both cases, grains present a lamellar structure with a small thickness of lamellae.

Generally, there are higher requirements on the structure of fair face concrete to ensure the desired appearance and lasting of the material.
Reflecting these demands will result in a mixture with denser structure without high percentage of pores, appropriate water-cement ratio with the use of suitable plasticizer to reach good workability of fresh concrete and prevent it from bleeding.
Utilization of high performance silicate composites in material effective building structures.
Proceeding IV international ACI/CANMET conference on quality of concrete structures and recent advances in concrete materials and testing.
[14] Svarcova, S., Bezdicka, P., Hradil, D., Hradilova, J., Zizak, I., Clay pigment structure characterisation as a guide for provenance determination-a comparison between laboratory powder micro-XRD and synchotron radiation XRD, ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 399 (2011) 331-336

Use of Biochar and Digestat for Soil Amendment and Treatment for Greenhouse Cultivation Diedhiou Ansoumane1,2,a*, Troh Jeanne Marie Annick1,b, Bensakhria Ammar2,c 1Laboratory of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Assane Seck University of Ziguinchor, Senegal, BP 523 Ziguinchor, Senegal 2Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Centre de recherche de Royallieu, EA 4297-TIMR, BP20529 - 60205 Compiègne, France a*ansoumane.diedhiou@univ-zig.sn, bjeanmarieannicktroh@gmail.com, cammar.bensakhria@utc.fr Keywords: bio-fertilization, digestate, biochar, amendment, sandy soil, and cultivable soil.
In order to benefit from the resources and services provided by the soil, this study proposes the use of organic amendments such as biochar and digestate to improve the physicochemical structure of the soil, reduce soil erosion, and have a regulatory effect on conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), salinity and pH.
Indeed, the pyrolysis temperature greatly influences the physicochemical properties and the structure of the biochar.
Given its particular physical and chemical properties, biochar therefore influences the pH, electrical conductivity, salinity, TDS, texture, structure, porosity, pore size and distribution as well as the bulk density of the soil in which it is incorporated [6].
The digestate acts on the physical properties of the substrates by impacting on the porosity and structure (penetration of water and air; water storage; warming) and on the chemical properties by influencing the CEC, degradation and mineralization (supply of mineral elements, storage and availability of mineral elements, etc.).

To reveal the structure and function of the wetland ecosystem, and provide the basic data and reference, this article selects four representative species of plants of Wuliangsuhai wetland as a research object that will exploring the microbial quantity and variation of soil microbial biomass.
The different vegetation restoration patterns formed different ecological conditions, which provided variety of food sources and living conditions for microbial growth, leading to the diversification of microbial community structure.
While the actinomycetes showed that Artificial tamarix plots was the highest, Artificial Elaeagnus angustifolia >Zygophyllaceae (Nitraria tangutorum Bobr) > Chenopodiacea (Suaeda glauca Bunge), which explained the diversification of microbial community structure was made by the variety of ecological conditions due to the different vegetation types.
The factors such as soil available nutrients, soil enzymes might affect soil organic matter and microbial metabolism and reproduction during the four kinds of typical vegetation soil, which needed further study, thus the in-depth study of the distribution of microbial quantity to reveal the structure and function of wetland ecosystems, and provide the basis of data and reference of soil microbe.
Soil Agricultural Chemistry Analysis Method[M] Beijing: China Agricultural Science and Technology Press,1999.

Among the β' type structures, β'-Me4P[Pd(dmit)2]2 compound has the highest degree of anisotropy and thus has the highest TN.
In this paper, we report our computational investigation using density functional theory (DFT) cluster method to study the electronic structure of β'-Me4P[Pd(dmit)2]2 system.
The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic structure with a C2/c space group.
In our investigations, we have employed the density functional theory molecular-orbital cluster method to examine the electronic structures of the systems.
Hengbo, Cation Dependence of Crystal Structure and Band Parameters in a Series of Molecular Conductors, β'-(Cation)[Pd(dmit)2]2 (dmit = 1,3-dithiole-2-thione-4,5-dithiolate), Crystals 2 (2012) 861-874

Perhaps the CNT and MLG combination precipitates to three dimensional hybrid structures.
Moreover, the MWCNTs in the 3D structure act as a bridge between the matrix and nano fillers in the composite [19].
However there is decrement in the 1:2 ratio when compared with 2:1, as the 2D structured multi layered graphene sheets stacks together having π- π interactions among them.
Lee, Fracture toughness of the nano-particle reinforced epoxy composite, Composite Structures. 86 (2008) 69–77
Qin, Graphene and carbon nanotube composite electrodes for supercapacitors with ultra-high energy density, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 13 (2011) 17615–17624

The magnetic spins are on the corner of the tetrahedra structure resulting in that the magnetic ground state would be magnetically frustrated [3].
Ltd and RuO2 (99.9%) from Furuuchi chemistry Co.
By using the Rietveld analysis, we confirmed that the sample had the face-centered cubic structure with the space group Fd-3m and lattice parameter value 10.342 Å.
We are preparing to study the temperature dependence of the crystal structure across 30 K and will try to compare with our mSR results as our future works.
Further studies of changes in the crystal structure and spin dynamics around 30 K as our future works are necessary to understand these phenomena.

Gordienko2,c 1Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science, Institute of Materials Science, Khabarovsk Scientific Centre, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Khabarovsk, Russia 2Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science, Institute of Chemistry Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia anikola1960@mail.ru, bximyxin@yandex.ru, cpavel.gordienko@mail.ru Keywords: electro spark deposition, electrode metal matrix materials, coatings, micro-abrasive wearing.
In this regard, it is important to create fundamentally new anti-friction materials and coatings with a heterophasic structure including metal composites in which highly plastic matrices, for example, from aluminum alloys and refractory high-strength, high-modulus fillers are artificially combined.
Thus a coating of a modified structure and composition is formed on the cathode surface.
It was established that AMCM consist mainly of the two phases of light shade, which create homogeneous structure: “A” consists of Al3Ni5, Al2NiTi, NiTi and Al1.1Ni0.9 phases; “B” – from AlNi3, Al2NiTi and NiO phases.
Kechin, Aluminomatric composite materials: structure, properties and application, Proceedings of the International Academy of Sciences of Higher Education. 4(46), (2008) 155-162