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The formation of reversed austenite takes place along the martensite interlath boundaries and prior austenite grain boundaries and it is known to remain untrasformed, at least up to certain volume fractions and increasing tempering temperatures.
Fig. 5: a) TEM micrograph of Heat A sample after industrial double tempering process showing retained austenite areas (indicated as “1” and “2”); b) Semiquantitative results of Ni and Mn EDX analysis performed in the regions indicated by numbers in a).

A different approach is to create Ti-6Al-4V pre-forms for hot stamping by using PBF-LB to reduce the number of forging steps [8].
The high cooling rates of the AM-process lead to a martensitic granular structure, which has a higher strength than the equiaxed fine grained structure of the sheet material.

Standard quartz sand having the maximum grain size of 2.5 mm was used for the preparation of geopolymer mortars for the mechanical testing.
Acknowledgement This outcome was achieved with the financial support of the Czech Science Foundation, project number GA 23-04951S.

Fig. 2 shows the mass gain versus number of cycles under cyclic oxidation conditions.
This structure is due to the aluminium small grain size formed after cold work and annealing at 600 °C.

Although the NBSCS’s microstructure is not continuous, but its micro-grain size is much smaller than the sample size, therefore it can be considered continuous in the macro, and then according to the generalized Hooke's law, the elastic matrix in the kth reference coordinate system can be written as: For the X1-Y1-Z1 coordinate system, according to the cubic symmetry, there are three independent constants: Elastic modulus E001, Poisson's ratio ν001-010 and the shear modulus G001-010.
is the Jaumann rates of Kirchhoff stress formed on axes that spin with the material, expressed as (30) When combining equation (3), (4), (21), (22), (28), (29) and (30), elastoplastic constitutive law in an arbitrary coordinate system was obtained: (31) where is the activated slip system, n is the number of activated slip systems.

Slag penetration into refractory through the interconnected porosity and cracks, and along grain boundaries results in the initiation and growth of cracks parallel to the hot face within the slag-penetrated region and near the boundary between the slag-penetrated and the virgin material [6].
Kwong: Refractory Liner Materials used in Slagging Gasifiers in Special Issue on Refractories for Gasifiers, Refractory Applications and News, Vol. 9, Number 5 (September/October 2004), p. 20-25.

A number of deposition techniques, including sol-gel deposition [1], thermal evaporation [2], metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) [3], vacuum sputtering [4], hydrothermal growth [5], have been used to fabricate the BaTiO3 thin films.
The sintered BaTiO3 ferroelectric films were sufficiently dense and had uniform microstructure, and BaTiO3 grains grown to 1μm in size were observed.

Boehmite (γ-AlOOH), an aluminium hydroxide, is one of the candidate precursor materials for fine grained low temperature alumina ceramics [10-12].
This observation implies that the ceramic products transformed from the TEOS / boehmite sol-gel calcinated at 1300°C had a significant improvement in tribological performance of brake lining materials during the wear test. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 Average Friction Coefficient Number of Continuous Wear Test S 350 S 700 S 900 S 1150 S 1300 S350 S700 S900 S1150 S1300 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 Total mass loss (mg) Specimen Fig. 4 Average friction coefficient of specimens with different homemade ceramic powders prepared through different calcining temperature during wear tests.