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The X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were employed in order to follow the phase transformation and changes in the state of ions in the surface of grains after the MCA treatment.
Acknowledgements This research is supported by the Ministry of Science, Technology and Development of the Republic of Serbia, through the Grant number 1807.

Extended to the general, denoting expand system as slip system after the internal slip systems, as the total number of active slip systems.
Polycrystalline aggregates are badly distorted on the interfaces of grains.

The dependence of the martensite content versus the number of anvil turns during HPT deformation (fig. 1a) suggests the existence of cyclic phase transformations like (γ → α΄ → γ → α΄).
Similar to [8], we assume that the driving force for reverse MTs is provided by the increased Gibbs free energy of highly-deformed ultra-fine bcc grains, decreased temperatures of the reverse transformation under pressure and very high shear stresses.

The aluminum dihydrogen phosphate can react with the iron to form phosphating film, the reaction is as following: 3Al(H2PO4)2 =Zn3(PO4)2↓+4H3PO4 Fe+2H3PO4= Fe (H2PO4)2+H2↑ Fe(H2PO4)2= FeHPO4↓+ H3PO4 Fe+ Fe(H2PO4)2 =2FeHPO4↓+ H2↑ The phosphating film is uniform, meticulous, porous and has strong adhesion, which contains a large number of aluminum phosphate and a little Hydrogen phosphate iron.
The colloidal SiO2 can make phosphating film thicken and refining the grain of phosphating film and improve density of phosphate film [9-10]. when the moisture in the colloidal SiO2 evaporate, the colloidal particles can be attached firmly on the surface of the plate and form a silicon iron binding, and increase the bonding force with the steel sheet.

Increasing the dopant concentrations leading to increasing number of active sites on its surface for generation of more hydroxyl radical, as reflected in the photocatalytic activity results in the presence of scavenger.
Grain size of samples varied between 28 - 18 nm while the energy gap varied between 3.33 - 3.19 eV.

Nevertheless, these methods may still have certain shortcomings in the preparation process, such as complex processes, difficulty in achieving large-scale preparation, high costs, high energy consumption, and uncontrollable grain growth during a high-temperature sintering process, etc., which may limit their practical applications.
The molecular structure and chemical composition of the zinc ferrite powders were investigated between 400 cm-1 and 4000 cm-1 in terms of wave number using an FT-IR.

The results of the researchers relating to gold thin films deposited by different chemical or physical methods are exploited in a large number of scientific articles [8-14].
Soboyejo, Nanoindentation measurements of the mechanical properties of polycrystalline Au and Ag thin films on silicon substrates: Effects of grain size and film thickness, Mater.

Combining the influence of such a great number of phenomena taking place during a welding process makes it possible to obtain the mentioned high compatibility of simulation results with the actual behaviour of an element or structure [1,9].
Lisiecki, Welding of thermomechanically rolled fine-grain steel by different types of lasers, Arch.

It is expected that large particles remaining may induce local large grains in the products after HIP.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 16H02443 and NIFS Budget Code NIFS16KOBF035.

By degree of impact strength-modifying additives may range in number LiNO₃∙3H₂O > KNO₃ > NH₄NO₃ > NaNO₃.
Methods for determination of ultimate shearing strength parallel to grain