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This analytical approach may require a large number of experimental diffusion couples, and becomes increasingly difficult to use for quaternary and higher order systems.
Diffusion couples consisting of single-phase β-NiAl (hot-extruded with equiaxed-grain diameter of 30~50 µm) vs. various commercial superalloys, namely CM247™, GTD111™, IN738™, IN939™ and Waspalloy™ were examined.
Assessment of Diffusional Interactions in Ni-Cr-X (X = Al, Si, Ge or Pd) using Average Interdiffusion Coefficients Nickel-chromium base alloys are widely used a variety of high-temperature applications due to their combination of good oxidation resistance and excellent high-temperature strength, and are the basis for a number of commercial superalloy families [1,19,20].

In the food Industry, bromelain is used for meat tenderisation, beer clarification, baking cookies, protein hydrolysate production and grain protein solubilisation, and as an anti-browning agen [9].
The more the number of enzymes added, the more peptide bonds that can be formed hydrolyzed.
The C–N functional group is represented by the number waves 1332.14 cm-1 and 1236.59 cm-1.

Instrumental corrections have been made using Al2O3 standard (strain free and grain size >1μm) during Rietveld analysis.
Since the intensities of the cementite peaks are very small as compared to the ferrite peaks, the coordinates of the carbon atom (low atomic number) cannot be determined reliably.
Evidence of large number of dislocations in the ferrite matrix crossing the ferrite-cementite interface is also revealed from TEM observation (not presented here).

Sadan limousine meets the regulated thickness and guarantee painting quality by increasing single paintcoat thickness or adding the number paintcoats (like four paintcoats).
It is expected that this number will finally achieve 100%.
The next layer can be decorative printed in rotogravure, such as wood grain, marble vein, and color plane like pearly-lustre, metallochrome, and chrome.

When adopting the service-oriented solution, the number of Web services published by application systems of different departments is huge, which brings huge challenge to service discovery.
So it is required further to refine the "Minimum Living Guarantee" business item to fine-grained sub-functions when developing the e-government information system.
Due to the tremendous scale of business systems which should be integrated in smart government, there are huge numbers of Web services from different areas that participate in business collaboration.

USA Company with grain size 20nm.
The diffraction pattern of MgONPs exhibits various peaks corresponding to the (222), (311), (220), (200) and (111) reflection planes .These values are in good agreement with the card number (00-045-0946) of the International Center of Diffraction Data (ICDD) at both angular position and strength, supporting the cubic crystalline structure of MgONPs that is in agreement with researchers [23, 24].
A figure exhibits that the coefficient of extinction increases for a rise at the ratio from MgONPs, that is refer to the rise at the number to charge carriers due to the increase in the coefficient of absorption [34].

Lasers have been widely found a large number of applications in photovoltaics, various status applications of laser processing during the production of solar cells are presented in table 1.
· Agglomerates are formed, characterised by the fact that they occur singly (Fig. 3b) or form combined clusters of two or more agglomerates (Fig. 4 a); · the surfaces of the cut edges of the silicon wafer revealed uniformly melted down a structure without pores and voids, often of irregular shape (Fig. 4 c, d);   · in some places, there is a distinct granular structure with a grain size from a few nanometers to several micrometres (Fig. 4 c, d). 
The excitations of Si 2p and Al 2p were split into the minimum number of components.

Furthermore, aluminium starts with cyclic hardening in every case and after certain number of cycles softening may arise.
Dependent on the values of the shear strain amplitudes γ+ and γ- the subsequent yield locus can expand or contract again with increasing number of cycles, showing cyclic hardening or softening, respectively.
A fragmentation of original grains into smaller subgrains takes place.

Moreover, the three parameters have a certain relationship as follows: if the air content is certain, then the smaller the bubble surface area is, the more the number of bubbles would be, and the smaller the spacing factor would be; if the bubble radius is constant, then the higher the air content is, the smaller the spacing factor would be and the better it would be for the performance of frost resistance (4).
Table 3 Physical properties of fine aggregate Fine aggregate Type Fineness Modulus Silt content (%) Clay lump (%) Apparent density (kg/m3) Fine sand 2.4 1.1 0.2 2700 Crushed sand 3.5 3.0 0 2600 Coarse aggregate Granular level (mm) Silt content (%) Clay lump (%) Needle sheet-shape grains content (%) Crushing value (%) 5～25 0.4 0.3 4.4 6.3 Water-reducing agent.
This apparatus can not only automatically determine the air-void parameters of hardened concrete (such as the number of bubbles, the spacing factors, mean air void diameters and so on), but also manually separate the non-air-entraining bubbles from other bubbles for making quantitative description of the air-voids structure of concrete.

TEM image of a sample with (b) 2 nm SiO2 and ca. 30 nm ZrO2 and (c) ca. 6 nm SiO2 and ca. 30 nm HfO2, revealing the lattice planes of the crystal grains.
The shift saturates after a certain number of measurements, indicating that all accessible traps are filled after a specific time.
Both effects lead to an increase in the number of trapped charges, resulting in a larger hysteresis.