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Mechanical and Fungicidal Properties of approximately 100 Years Old Oak, Beech and Spruce Wood Beams
Online since: September 2013
Authors: Nejc Thaler, Miha Humar
Introduction
Wood has a number of excellent properties as a building material: it has a high strength to weight ratio, it is a good thermal insulator, it can be shaped and connected to form larger structures and it is one of the most sustainable and environmentally friendly materials.
Size and number of the specimens used was the same as for compression strength specimens (40 × 25 × 15 mm).
It is most rapid in the longitudinal direction (i.e. when the transverse section or end grain is exposed to water).
Size and number of the specimens used was the same as for compression strength specimens (40 × 25 × 15 mm).
It is most rapid in the longitudinal direction (i.e. when the transverse section or end grain is exposed to water).
Online since: February 2021
Authors: Arshad Bashir, Sadia Sagar Iqbal, Ali Bahadar, Farzana Siddique, Tasawer Shahzad Ahmad
Many ablatives with phenolic resin as base matrix composites with a large number of impregnations were fabricated to attain better TPS [6, 7].
There were large number of drawbacks like low bonding strength between casing/structure and high backface temperature with brittle nature of phenolic resin for hyperthermal environment.
Fig. 2a presents the incorporated PR having 5µm grain average diameter.
There were large number of drawbacks like low bonding strength between casing/structure and high backface temperature with brittle nature of phenolic resin for hyperthermal environment.
Fig. 2a presents the incorporated PR having 5µm grain average diameter.
Online since: June 2021
Authors: Feyisayo Victoria Adams, Kebone Revival Mofokeng, Muhammad Falalu Yahaya, Joshua Osuigwe Madu, Florence Nkiruka Chukwudi, Samuel Ojo
It is a natural adsorbent with a net negative charge on the structure grain silicate minerals which gives it a high adsorption ability [14].
Regarding the number of residual organic contaminants left after filtration, it can be inferred from the number and size of peaks in the chromatogram that RRC > RRCC > PCRC.
Regarding the number of residual organic contaminants left after filtration, it can be inferred from the number and size of peaks in the chromatogram that RRC > RRCC > PCRC.
Online since: September 2020
Authors: Bahia Rabehi, Nezha Gueffaf, Khaled Boumchedda
Stabilization aims to reduce the volume of voids between particles (porosity), and to fill voids that cannot be removed (permeability) and improve the bonds between particles (mechanical properties).The estimation of thermo-physical parameters of building materials plays a key role in a large number of scientific and industrial fields.
The number of blocks produced is about 120 (Fig. 6).
The cement grains are dissolved in a mixture of water, and sediment releasing calcium and silicon ions in the process [20].
The number of blocks produced is about 120 (Fig. 6).
The cement grains are dissolved in a mixture of water, and sediment releasing calcium and silicon ions in the process [20].
Online since: September 2021
Authors: Tabarak Mohammed Awad, May A.S. Mohammed
The spectrophotometer calculates the relative value of the transmitted light, so the value has a close relationship to the absorbance according to Lambert-Beer law, which states that the absorbed part of the incident rays is directly proportional to the number of absorbent particles and the thickness of the sample[15].
The number of samples was (25) samples from poly vinyl alcohol and the mass account for each sample was (2) gm. (25) samples were pressed into a metal mold of 1.6 cm in diameter.
By changing the grain size, the refractive index changes even if the crystal structure is the same and is given by the following relationship[19]: n0=cv 5 The refractive index (n) associated with reflectivity(R) is calculated by applying the following relationship: n=1+R1-R (6) Table 4.
The number of samples was (25) samples from poly vinyl alcohol and the mass account for each sample was (2) gm. (25) samples were pressed into a metal mold of 1.6 cm in diameter.
By changing the grain size, the refractive index changes even if the crystal structure is the same and is given by the following relationship[19]: n0=cv 5 The refractive index (n) associated with reflectivity(R) is calculated by applying the following relationship: n=1+R1-R (6) Table 4.
Online since: September 2024
Authors: Hennadii Kulyk, Oleg Volkov, Zhanna Kraevska, Alexey Vasilchenko
Accordingly, we are not talking about the usual classical thermomechanical processing (TMP), but about an innovative alternative method of strengthening, since this technology involves heating due to friction and a number of other differences.
Many studies, which revealed the difference in the structure formation of steel [1, 2], demonstrate that there is a significant deformation of the material on the surface of the test samples and products, which leads to a more intensive formation of a finely dispersed microstructure, in particular ultrafine and even nanosized grains, which is accompanied by a significant increase in hardness and strength.
It is also emphasized that the nature of the formation of such structures is not sufficiently understood, despite the large number of conducted studies.
Many studies, which revealed the difference in the structure formation of steel [1, 2], demonstrate that there is a significant deformation of the material on the surface of the test samples and products, which leads to a more intensive formation of a finely dispersed microstructure, in particular ultrafine and even nanosized grains, which is accompanied by a significant increase in hardness and strength.
It is also emphasized that the nature of the formation of such structures is not sufficiently understood, despite the large number of conducted studies.
Online since: November 2025
Authors: Ihsan Ali Obaid, Mustafa Hamid Abd
The number of passes and the Load applied are determined based on the expected traffic volume and axle loads for the pavement design.
The Depth of the crack (15mm) is slightly less than the reference mixture, which showed a value of (16 mm), because the addition of crushed glass has larger angular edges than conventional aggregate, causing more interference between the aggregate grains.
No Machine type Daily Hours Number of Days POL Consumed per Hour (L) Total POL Consumed (L) Eq CO2 Tons, kg Pneumatic Tire Rollers (PTR) 7 24 6 1008 2208 2.20 Tandem Roller 7 24 7 1167 2556 2.55 Paver 7 24 23 3864 8462 8.5 Loader fuel 7 24 20 3360 7358 7.3 Generator (400 KVA) 7 24 35 5880 12877 12.8 Transfer Vehicles (MTV) 7 24 10 1680 3679 3.6 Air 7 24 15 2520 5518 5.5 Compressor Table 28.
Simultaneously, utilizing an SBS improved binder could improve its durability and resistance to rutting, damage. maximum marshal stability rate recorded was16.35 kilonewtons (KN), with a rutting depth of 15 millimetres, using a 5% coarse-grained material
The Depth of the crack (15mm) is slightly less than the reference mixture, which showed a value of (16 mm), because the addition of crushed glass has larger angular edges than conventional aggregate, causing more interference between the aggregate grains.
No Machine type Daily Hours Number of Days POL Consumed per Hour (L) Total POL Consumed (L) Eq CO2 Tons, kg Pneumatic Tire Rollers (PTR) 7 24 6 1008 2208 2.20 Tandem Roller 7 24 7 1167 2556 2.55 Paver 7 24 23 3864 8462 8.5 Loader fuel 7 24 20 3360 7358 7.3 Generator (400 KVA) 7 24 35 5880 12877 12.8 Transfer Vehicles (MTV) 7 24 10 1680 3679 3.6 Air 7 24 15 2520 5518 5.5 Compressor Table 28.
Simultaneously, utilizing an SBS improved binder could improve its durability and resistance to rutting, damage. maximum marshal stability rate recorded was16.35 kilonewtons (KN), with a rutting depth of 15 millimetres, using a 5% coarse-grained material
Online since: December 2012
Authors: Ajay Bansal, Asim K. Jana, Neetu Divya
A large number of organic substances are introduced into the natural water system from various sources such as industrial effluents, agricultural runoff and chemical spills.
As a result, a large number of colored organic substances are introduced into the natural water system as industrial effluents, agricultural runoff and chemical spills.
The original structure (or chemical composition) of semiconductors remains unchanged if equal number of e- and h+ are consumed for chemical reaction and/or recombination.
A number of researchers prepared thin film of transition metal modified titanium dioxide photocatalyst to avoid the costly filtration of small catalyst particles from the solution.
Porter, Isolina Goncalves, Suzana Ferreira-Dias, Adsorption of acid orange 7 dyes in aqueous solutions by spent brewery grains, Separation and Purification Technology. 40 (2004) 309–315
As a result, a large number of colored organic substances are introduced into the natural water system as industrial effluents, agricultural runoff and chemical spills.
The original structure (or chemical composition) of semiconductors remains unchanged if equal number of e- and h+ are consumed for chemical reaction and/or recombination.
A number of researchers prepared thin film of transition metal modified titanium dioxide photocatalyst to avoid the costly filtration of small catalyst particles from the solution.
Porter, Isolina Goncalves, Suzana Ferreira-Dias, Adsorption of acid orange 7 dyes in aqueous solutions by spent brewery grains, Separation and Purification Technology. 40 (2004) 309–315
Online since: March 2011
Authors: Lei Zhu, Hua Jie Zhang
The structural units of eroded samples in and solutions are mainly in grains and condensates, with relatively small shape, loose arrangement, relatively large pore and large quantity.
Quantitative Analysis Through geoimage software, analyze the average microstructure parameters collected from 7 photographs which are taken continuously for the same erosion sample and in the same place, then the following results can be got: ① Form the change regulation of particle morphology and particle contact in the erosion process, no matter for direct erosion samples or eroded samples after 15 days natural curing, the microstructure parameters of samples in unpolluted water and solution, like particle area, rotundity degree, non-uniform coefficient, Euler Number all turn upward trend as the erosion time passes, while the situation in and solutions turns to be the opposite.
Table 4 The Correlation of the Cohesion and the Microstructure parameters Erosion solutions cohesion () Regression equation Correlation coefficient Microstructure parameters solution -0.99 Pole fractal dimension solution 0.96 Particle rotundity degree solution 0.88 Particle rotundity degree Unpolluted water -0.96 Pole non-uniform oefficient Table 5 The correlation of internal friction and the microstructure parameters Erosion solutions Internal friction () Regression equation Correlation coefficient Microstructure parameters solution 0.95 Particle directional degree solution 0.83 Particle Euler number solution -0.81 Pole non-uniform oefficient Unpolluted water 0.96 Pole fractal dimension Conclusions 1) In the same age, the strength of cement-mixed soil in erosion solutions is weaker than that under natural curing.
Quantitative Analysis Through geoimage software, analyze the average microstructure parameters collected from 7 photographs which are taken continuously for the same erosion sample and in the same place, then the following results can be got: ① Form the change regulation of particle morphology and particle contact in the erosion process, no matter for direct erosion samples or eroded samples after 15 days natural curing, the microstructure parameters of samples in unpolluted water and solution, like particle area, rotundity degree, non-uniform coefficient, Euler Number all turn upward trend as the erosion time passes, while the situation in and solutions turns to be the opposite.
Table 4 The Correlation of the Cohesion and the Microstructure parameters Erosion solutions cohesion () Regression equation Correlation coefficient Microstructure parameters solution -0.99 Pole fractal dimension solution 0.96 Particle rotundity degree solution 0.88 Particle rotundity degree Unpolluted water -0.96 Pole non-uniform oefficient Table 5 The correlation of internal friction and the microstructure parameters Erosion solutions Internal friction () Regression equation Correlation coefficient Microstructure parameters solution 0.95 Particle directional degree solution 0.83 Particle Euler number solution -0.81 Pole non-uniform oefficient Unpolluted water 0.96 Pole fractal dimension Conclusions 1) In the same age, the strength of cement-mixed soil in erosion solutions is weaker than that under natural curing.
Online since: October 2011
Authors: Wei Dong Wang, Hui Yuan Ya, Qiu Fang Chen, Guang Yong Qin, Zhen Jiao, Xiang Sheng Zhang
The germination percentage was investigated after the seeds planted 10 days
Germination percentage=Number of the seedlings/100 seeds*100%
Vigor index =drought weight * Germination percentage
RNA extraction Total RNA was extracted from uniform thirty buds in each replicate, which were planted for 96 hours, by use of RNAplant reagents (Tiangen Biotech) and purified by use of the RNeasy Plant Kit (Qiagen) according to the manufacturer's instruction.
So the low-energy ion hardly damaged the DNA in the cell nuclear of the grain seeds with exposure to the low-energy ion implantation.
Table2 Expressions of the ten housekeeping genes from the genechip array Short description of the housekeeping genes Probe number in genechip Relative expression Mean+STD Actin 1 10 1.01±0.14 Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 15 0.95±0.14 Eukaryotic elongation factor 1-alpha 20 1.11±0.09 Histone H2A 16 0.87±0.23 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 18 1.14±0.19 Beta-tubulin 2 1.01±0.03 Eukaryotic initiation factor 4a 10 1.10±0.17 Ubiquitin 7 1.07±0.27 Cyclophilin 10 0.8±50.10 Sulfite reductase 3 0.99±0.11 STD: standard deviation Pathway enrichment analysis of the genes expressed differentially responding to the ion-beam 30 out of the 553 down-regulated transcripts were involved in 48 pathways (table 3 showed partially) including carbohydrate metabolism, translation, Metabolism of Cofactors and Vitamins, behavior, Amino Acid Metabolism, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, lipid metabolism, energy metabolism, replication and repair and so on.
So the low-energy ion hardly damaged the DNA in the cell nuclear of the grain seeds with exposure to the low-energy ion implantation.
Table2 Expressions of the ten housekeeping genes from the genechip array Short description of the housekeeping genes Probe number in genechip Relative expression Mean+STD Actin 1 10 1.01±0.14 Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 15 0.95±0.14 Eukaryotic elongation factor 1-alpha 20 1.11±0.09 Histone H2A 16 0.87±0.23 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 18 1.14±0.19 Beta-tubulin 2 1.01±0.03 Eukaryotic initiation factor 4a 10 1.10±0.17 Ubiquitin 7 1.07±0.27 Cyclophilin 10 0.8±50.10 Sulfite reductase 3 0.99±0.11 STD: standard deviation Pathway enrichment analysis of the genes expressed differentially responding to the ion-beam 30 out of the 553 down-regulated transcripts were involved in 48 pathways (table 3 showed partially) including carbohydrate metabolism, translation, Metabolism of Cofactors and Vitamins, behavior, Amino Acid Metabolism, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, lipid metabolism, energy metabolism, replication and repair and so on.