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Toughness of ECC Evaluated by Nominal Fracture Energy Shuling Gao1,2,a Wei Shao3,b Jinli Qiao1,c and Ling Wang1,d 1 School of Civil Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China 2 Civil Engineering Technology Research Center of Hebei Province, Tianjin, China 3China Qingdao International Economic & Technical Cooperation(Group) Co.
[2] Victor C Li, Engineered cementitious composites for structural applications innovations forum.
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2 (1998) 66-69
Li, On engineered cementitious composites (ECC) - A review of the material and its applications, Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, 1 (2003) 215-230
Wu, The experimental study on the fracture energy of concrete using wedge splitting specimens, Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering, 4 (2003) 15-22

Introduction It is well known that ultrafine-grained (UFG) metals and alloys processed by severe plastic deformation exhibit advanced mechanical properties in comparison with coarse-grained counterparts, e.g. enhanced strength at ambient temperature and high strain rate or lowtemperature superplasticity at elevated temperatures [[] R.Z.
Forum Vols. 584-586 (2008), p. 741 ].
Scan 1 Scan 2 Scan 3 Scan 4 Local plastic strain nearby the scan 0 0 0.5 0.9 Number of grains/subgrains in the scan 1369 / 3083 1222 / 2757 702 / 1687 610 / 1494 Average grain/subgrain size, [mm] 2.4 / 1.8 2.5 / 1.9 3.2 / 2.3 3.2 / 2.5 Average grain/subgrain aspect ratio 0.71 / 0.75 0.74 / 0.75 0,73 / 0.75 0,72 / 0.73 Average grain/subgrain shape orientation, [°] 47 / 60 48 / 62 46 / 59 45 / 52 Fraction of high-angle grain boundaries 0.68 0.68 0.62 0.64 Fraction of twins: S3, 60° around <111> S9, 38.9° around <110> Total 0.003 0.001 0.004 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.001 0.002 0.003 0 0.002 0.002 Area fraction of coarse grains (lager than 6 mm) 0.28 0.25 0.50 0.42 Fig. 2 represents the engineering curves of plastic flow obtained for the UFG and recrystallized aluminum.
Forum Vols. 633-634 (2010), p. 165 ] gives the respective total elongation being 14%.
Engineering flow curves obtained for UFG (1) and recrystallized (2) aluminum.

Imaging diffraction using Maxim at G3/Hasylab - spatial resolved strain measurements on linear friction welded dissimilar materials (AA7020-T6/Ti6AlV) André Rothkirch1, a and Sabine Lenser2,b 1 Hamburger Synchrotronstrahlungslabor HASYLAB at Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany 2 Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Outpost at GKSS Research Centre, Ramanweg, Geb. 57, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany a andre.rothkirch@desy.de, bsabine.lenser@gkss.de Keywords: X-ray imaging diffraction, Residual stress, friction welding of dissimilar materials.
This work was done in the framework of the 'Virtual Institute - Photon and Neutron Research on Advanced Engineering Materials (VI-PNAM)' funded by the Helmholtz Society.
Diogo, editors, 6th European Conference on Residual Stresses - Proceedings ECRS6, volume 404-407 of Material Science Forum, pages 25-28, Switzerland, 2002.
Materials Science Forum, 79-82:469-474, 1991

This material is widely used in many engineering disciplines for welded constructions.
(a) (b) Figure 2 (a) Macrograph of the weld; (b) Hardness distribution of the weld (HV1) Many engineering disciplines rely on fatigue strength evaluation based on nominal stresses.
E.g. [11] show that this effect should be considered in advanced fatigue design concepts.
Schönborn, Effects of Residual Stresses on the Fatigue Performance of Welded Steels with Longitudinal Stiffeners, Materials Science Forum, Vols. 768-769, pp. 636-643, 2013
Edwards, Influence of Residual Stress Redistribution on Fatigue Crack Growth and Damage Tolerant Design, Materials Science Forum, Vols. 524-525, pp. 363-372, 2006

Acknowledgements The Department of Science and Technology (DST) in South Africa is acknowledged for funding under the Advanced Metals Initiative Program.
Eberl, The effect of silver on microstructural evolution in two 2xxx series Al-alloys with a high Cu:Mg ratio during ageing to a T8 temper, Material Science and Engineering A 491 (2008) 214 – 223
Zeng, Enhanced mechanical properties in an Al-Cu-Mg-Ag alloy by duplex ageing, Materials Science and Engineering A 528 (2011) 8060 – 8064
Bes, Damage tolerance of an Al-Cu-Mg-Ag alloy (2139), Materials Science Forum, Vols. 519-521 (2006) pp603-608
Govender, Optimisation of the solution heat treatment of rheo-processed Al-Cu-Mg-(Ag) alloys A206 and A201, Materials Science Forum Vols. 618-619 (2009) pp 353-356

Taguchi3, d 1 The Center for Instrumental Analysis, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Tobata Kitakyushu 804-8550, Japan 2 Department of Applied Mathematics, Faculty of Engineering, Oita University, Dannoharu, Oita 870-1192, Japan 3 School of Nano · Advanced Materials Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongnam 641-773, South Korea a shimozak@kitcia.kyutech.ac.jp, b okino@cc.oita-u.ac.jp, c cglee@sarim.changwon.ac.kr d Taguchi@sarim.changwon.ac.kr Keywords: Interdiffusion, Intrinsic diffusion, Multiple marker method, Numerical analysis, Lattice formation Abstract.
Forum Vol. 283-286 (2009), p. 394
Forum Vol. 194-199 (2001), p. 195

China 3State Key Lab. of Gansu Advanced Non-ferrous Metal Materials, Lanzhou Univ. of Tech., Lanzhou 730050, P.R.
The NGG-like mode dominates in the advanced stages of the transformation.
The crystallization mechanism is composed of the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami nucleation and growth mode in the early stages, and the normal grain growth kinetic law mode in the advanced stages.
Materials Science and Engineering A 375–377 (2004) 385–388
Forum 386-388 (2002) 509

Effect of Trace Ni, Al and Cr on the Surface Film Structure of Sn-Pb Liquid Alloys Guisheng Gan1,2,a, Changhua Du1,b, Yi Luo1,c, Fang Chen1,d, BinYang2,e 1) School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400050, China 2) State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China aganguisheng@163.com, bduchanghua@cqut.edu.cn, cluoyi@cqut.edu.cn, dchenfang@cqut.edu.cn, ebyang@ustb.edu.cn Keywords: trace elements, Sn-Pb solder alloys, the structure of oxidation film Abstract.
Forum Vol. 610-613 (2009), p.526-530
Forum Vol. 610-613 (2009), p.531-536
Metal Materials and Engineering Vol. 39 ( 2010),p. 486-489

Therefore, many investigations have been performed to develop a hydrogel in respect to advanced controlled drug delivery [2].
(Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Chemical and Process Engineering, CHISA.
Bart: Defect and Diffusion Forum Vol. 297-301 (2010), p. 664

Reliability Analysis of the Structural Laminated Veneer Lumber [J], Materials Science Forum. 2009, 620-622: 157-160
Analysis of the Strength and Reliability of Hydraulic Support with Finite Element Method [J], Advanced Materials Research. 2012, 619: 225-230
Reliability Analysis of Structure System Considering Failure Modes of Strength, Fatigue and Buckling [J], Key Engineering Materials. 2008, 385-387: 257-260