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Currently, using X-ray CT scanning technology to detect the macro cracks evolution process in materials has become a new research hot.
Asphalt mixture is no longer the homogeneous material, but seen as the inhomogeneous and anisotropic materials composed of aggregate and asphalt mortar.
CT Test of the Damage Asphalt Mixture Test Materials and Program.
Z.: Materials Science Forum, Vol.5 (2006), p. 229-237 [4] Zhou, H.
N.: Journal of Transport Science and Engineering, Vol.26 (2010), p. 1-9 [7] Wan, C.: South China University of Technology, Vol.13 (2010), p. 11-19 [8] Wang, Z.G.:  Materials Science Forum, Vol.4 (2004), p. 693-706 [9] Zhou, Z.

Mostert1,c and Joseph Moema1,3,d 1The Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Hatfield, Pretoria, South Africa 2Department of Chemical, Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana 3Advanced Materials Division, Mintek, 200 Malibongwe Drive, Randburg, Johannesburg, South Africa *au19345314@tuks.co.za, bcharles.siyasiya@up.ac.za, croelf.mostert@up.ac.za, djosephm@mintek.co.za Keywords: Twin-disc, wear, rolling contact fatigue, friction, railway, wheel-rail contact.
The specimen were cut as demonstrated in Figure 4 from actual wheel and rail materials.
This causes the materials to yield at lower loads causing plastic deformation [54, 55].
Qi, “Twin disc evaluation of third body materials in the wheel/rail interface,” Tribology - Materials, Surfaces & Interfaces, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 115-126, 2021
Fonseca, “Using twin disc for applications in the railway: a systematic review,” Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, vol. 45, no. 191, 2023

Materials and methods The quantification of values of values susceptible to be measured with the proposed GPR technique requires the previous calibration of the equipment in a zone with defects of known geometry.
Construction and Building Materials 29(2012), p.458–465
Journal of Applied Geophysics 81(2012), p.106–116
Earth Science Reviews, 66(2) (2004), p.261-330
Saarenketo: Electrical properties of road materials and subgrade soils and the use of ground penetrating radar in traffic infrastructure surveys (Oulu University Press, Finland 2006)

Experimental Apparatus and Materials AA-6300 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Shimadu CO., LTD, Japan).
AS3120A Ultrasonic Bath (Tianjin Automatic Science Instrument Co., LTD, Power 120 W, China).
Acknowledgements This work was supported by the National Natural Science Fundation of China (51062018), the Natural Science Fundation of Yunnan (2010FXW004), Program for Innovative Research Team (in Science and Technology) in University of Yunnan Province (2010UY08, 2011UYN09) and Program for Yunnan Provincial Innovation Team (2011HC008).
[6] Jinchuan Deng, Xin Feng, Xinhong Qiu: Chemical Engineering Journal., Vol.152 (2009), p.177-182 [7] A.
Bisson: Analytical Chenistry., Vol.7 (51) (1979), p.844-851 [8] Jingwen Wang, Wen Xu, Hang Zhou, etc: Journal of Zhejiang Agricultural Sciences., Vol.2 (2007), p.223-225.

Materials and Methods Soil and Plants Used The petroleum-contaminated soil and uncontaminated soil used in this study were collected from the Shengli Oil Field production area in the Yellow River Delta, which is classified as Aquic Inceptisols.
Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment, 28(4):97-99
Journal of Northwest A & F University (Nat.
Plant Science, 176(1): 20- 30
Journal of Hazardous Materials, 190(1–3): 677- 685

Introduction Energy is the engine of economic growth and an important source of raw materials [1].
Applied Mechanics and Materials 2012.Vols. 291-294 (2013) pp 1235-1240
Journal of Tsinghua University(Science and Technology), 2002, Vol.42, No.12
Journal of Safety and Environment, 2012, 12(1) :250-254
Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University, 2008, Vol. 42, No. 3

Bacillus subtilis) and a biological natural synthesis of polyamide materials.
Xu: The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering.
Qu: Journal of Chemical Industry and Engineering.
Li: Chinese Journal of Applied & Environmental Biology.
Xu: Polymer Material Science & Engineering.

Study on raw materials and structural performance of coral concrete composite structure.
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: Proceedings of the 7th annual international workshop on materials science and engineering, (iwmse 2021).
Journal of Naval University of Engineering, 2017, 29(1): 64-68.
Experimental study on effects to coral sand concrete compressive strength of raw materials.
Journal of Logistical Engineering University, 2017, 33(3): 9-10.

Introduction In recent times, methods of metals extraction from sulfide sources by hydrometallurgical methods have spread due to their environmental friendliness, opportunities for raw materials processing and accompanying element extraction [1-5].
Results of pressure leaching experiments and leaching residues particles size analysis has been obtained under support of the Russian Science Foundation under grant № 18-19-00186.
Bolatbaev, Relationships of lignosulfonate adsorption onto the zinc sulfide surface, Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry. 11 (2016) 1831-1837
Hornof, Surface tension of mixed surfactant systems: lignosulfonate and sodium dodecyl sulfate, Colloid and Polymer Science. 8 (2002) 7750-778
Using a back-suction syringe technique, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 2 (2001) 262-272

The results show that the maximum stress on the boom is far less than the yield limit of the material, the structure meet the strength requirements.
Stress distribution of Wall condition In the horizontal position，the maximum stress point is located on the 1# cylinder with a hinged jib place and stress is 534Mpa.The stress point is located on the base material and far less than the material yield limit 1000Mpa.The minimum stress distribution point is located at the turntable and its value is 1.1534MPa.
The results show that the maximum stress on the boom is far less than the yield limit of the material, the structure meet the strength requirements.
Journal of Sound and Vibration, 2011, 330(25): 6061-6069
Journal of Mechanical Design, Transactions of the ASME, 2007. 129(9): 930-940.