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The values of grain size and strain obtained from this plot, presented in table 1, indicates that grain size increased from ~13 nm to ~36 nm as the deposition temperature increased from 27 0C to 45 0C.
The SEM images indicate that with increase in deposition temperature the number of crystallites increases leading to formation of more homogeneous film.
The optical spectroscopy is fast and simple pointer to crystal size, since band gap-size correlations have been made for a number of colloids and films [27].
The average grain size is found to increase with increase in deposition temperature.
The SEM images shows that deposited films are homogeneous and free form any pinholes or cracks with increase in number of crystallites with increase in deposition temperature.

The topography of the tile was measured before and after the polishing process with particularly grit number.
The results show the evolution of roughness and gloss for each load as a function of abrasive grit number and polishing time, as well as the material removal rate for each grit number and load.
Except of the finest grain size (Lux), which is resin bonded, all these segments are made from silicon carbide grains embedded in Sorel cement matrix.
The gloss graphs are plotted as function of used abrasives and number of passages.
For fine grain sizes the protrusion of the grain is probably smaller than the hcu,crit, and in this case even higher loads cannot force the grains to penetrate the ceramic deeper than hcu,crit , so that the ductile-mode will be kept.

At room temperature the alloys (particularly Al-Mn) exhibit significant grain refinement by grain fragmentation leading to "grain sizes" of less than 10µm.
After multiple forging to strains of order 3, both EBSD and X-ray diffraction indicated the development of a well-defined crystallographic texture of which an example is given by the pole figures of Fig. 3 (composite Al-Mn sample to cover a large number of grains).
Over the length scales of 100-200µm, grains are seen to develop by fusion of several, previously separate, grains.
The difficulties of quantitatively characterizing as-deformed grain sizes in large-grained material are well known.
At room temperature the alloys (particularly Al-Mn) exhibit significant grain refinement by grain fragmentation leading to "grain sizes" of less than 10µm.

L0 is the initial grain size.
L is grain size.
N is the sites number of the simulation domain. n is the solid-phase site number around one specific site.
The attempted N (total site number in the simulation system) times is regarded as one Monte Carlo Step (MCS).
The simulation time is expressed in term of the number of Monte Carlo Steps (MCS).

The analysis of simulation results has revealed that, due to a wide contact area with adjacent grains and interaction between microstructure elements, more intensive martensitic transformation occurred within larger grains of retained austenite.
The using of SSRVE concept reduced a number of elements within the micromodel in 20 times, while it lowered the calculation time in 16 times.
The large number of elements in the model, resulting in high computing time. 2.
Non-uniform rational B-splines (NURBS) were chosen as a grains representations.
All this entails aggregation of lightly deformed grains by means of other grains, and deterioration of steel mechanical properties later on.

Continuity, momentum and energy equations are applied to finite number of control volumes under steady state conditions as shown in ref [8].
The unprocessed base material was assumed to have grain size of about 50 µm.
The estimated grain size distributions for the two cases are shown in Fig.4.
In both cases the finest grains are located around the pin zone on the AS.
Fig.4: Grain size distribution in processed region for (a) conventional tool vs.

The grain size was determined by the average grain equivalent diameter d2.
In all the samples, the average grain size determined on transverse sections was about 70 nm and the nano-grains in the various regions of the rods were similar in the shape.
Samples cut for TEM studies and microhardness measurements Results and Discussion The homogeneity of the bulk nanocrystalline titanium was examined in two HE-produced rods that differed by their diameters, applied strain and the number of the extrusion passes.
The grain size distribution in the Ø7 mm rod: a) top, b) end a) b) Fig.6.
The grain size distribution in the Ø10 mm rod: a) top-centre, b) top-surface Figures 5 and 6 show examples of the grain size distribution determined in various regions of the Ø7 and Ø10 rods.

The effect of grain size on the semiconductor properties are in agreement with experimental and theoretical data.
The grains show complete coverage and small size as shown in Figure 2b.
The size difference of each grain is due to irregular growth rate.
The orientation of grain growth is also irregular as can be noticed from the specific decrease of grain size at different areas of the substrate.
Acknowledgments This work has been achieved using FRGS grants numbered: 9003-00249 & 9003-00255. 

In order to optimize performance in use, an austenitic grain size of 5 or finer is now expected in most cases, with a maximum of 10 percent of individual grains of sizes 3 and 4 partially permissible [2].
This requirement means that fine grained steels with appropriate fine grain stability have to be used [3].
Table 1: Chemical composition of investigated case hardening steels, mass contents in % For heat B, which largely complies with requirements at that time except as regards titanium content, it was shown in numerous grain growth trials that fine grain stability can be reliably achieved up to 1050 °C with a holding time of 25 hours, provided that the tolerance range with 5 percent of grains with the ASTM number 3 and 4 can be exploited.
Table 2 summarizes the coarse grain fractions observed, i.e. grains with a coarseness of ASTM number 4 and coarser.
Table 2: Comparison of grain growth behaviour of heats A (conventional case hardening steel) and B (microalloy case hardening steel); the fraction of grains with an ASTM grain number of 4 or coarser is shown in % Heats A and B are identical in terms of their production paths and the dimensions produced as forged steel bar, so that the alloy typical fine grain stability can be significantly increased in this case by the microalloying elements, both in laboratory and industrially produced case hardening steels.

The quality of the grain by electrograining influences the quality of anodic oxide layer and photosensitive layer directly, and decides service performance of final product in the end.
The Evaluation Theory of Grain Quality of PS Plate At present, there are two kinds of the detection technology of grain quality: the one is to measure the situation of the grain on the surface by means of surface roughness dictator and surface outlook tester as shown in Table 1 and Fig. 1. the other is to check the grain surface visually by means of SEM and AFM [1]or metalloscope. the first method has been adopted by International Organization for Standardization(ISO), Deutsche Industrie Normen(DIN), Japanese Industrial Standards（JIS）and the Chinese relevant standards for its objectivity, and the other one has only been regarded as the additional means of auxiliary analysis in productions and Experiments on account of its more subjective effects.
Therefore the below article analyses the influencing factors of electro graining quality of PS plate by means of the detection technology which is the combination of the surface roughness tester and metalloscope.
Table 2 Factor levels of orthogonal experiment of electrograining Level Factor Electrolyte Concentration A [g/L] Electrolysis Temperature B [℃] Electrolysis Time C [min] Current Density D [A/dm2] 1 2.5 25 20 0.8 2 3.0 30 25 0.9 Table 3 Design of 4-factors L16(215)orthogonal table head Number of column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 A B A×B C A×C B×C D A×D B×D C×D Experimental Results and Analysis The orthogonal experiment has had 16 times electrograining, and there have been 2 pieces of aluminium sheet in the same factor level.
That is to say, it can change depth but spacing of grain.