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The two crystal structures are martensite and austenite, which generally correspond to the cold and hot states of the material [28-30].
Rasayan Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 11(1) (2018), pp. 355-360 [5] Suman Kumar Jha, S.
Rajan: Analysis of design features for inspection robot makes use of concrete structures-An assessment.
Composite Structures, Vol. 76 (2006), pp. 52-61 [16] S.
Structures, Vol. 27 (2005), pp. 1209-1219 [18] S.

Sol-gel method can be used to control the grain size, particle morphology, crystalline phases, and surface chemistry by regulating the reaction temperatures, solvent nature, additives and aging time.
They can be attributed well to (110), (101) and (211) crystal planes of tetragonal structure, respectively.
This is likely to be primarily due to the small-particle, bonded, zero-dimensional nanoparticle structure with a large surface area.
The special zero-dimensional nanoparticle structure could provide more reactive position, and the many nanoparticles would offer more favorable “pathways” not only for the electrolyte diffusion, but also for the Li+ insertion during the discharge–charge process, which further improves the charge transfer and Li+ storage.
This is possibly attributable not only to the zero-dimensional structure of the nanoparticles with large surface area, but also to the special small-particle.

Previous research has been conducted on using support materials in heterogeneous catalysts to improve the stability of the catalyst structure and expand the surface area through high porosity.
Apart from being a sulfonating agent, high concentrations of sulfuric acid are corrosive so that they can erode and damage the pore structure of carbon aerogels.
Erosion or physical changes to the pore structure can increase overall pore size, including forming larger or combining tiny pores into larger pores [20], [21].
Dai, “Hydrophobic Solid Acids and Their Catalytic Applications in Green and Sustainable Chemistry,” ACS Catal., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 372–391, 2018, doi: 10.1021/acscatal.7b03369
Ciftci, “Superlight macroporous aerogels produced from cold-set egg white protein hydrogels show superior oil structuring capacity,” Food Hydrocoll., vol. 136, no.

Surfactant structure which is made up of two parts that have their own characteristics which are hydrophilic part (water loving) and hydrophobic part (oil loving).
In nanoemulsion technology, the oily hydrocarbons tend to partition within the nano-micellar structure spontaneously due to its ultra-low interfacial tension.
See and the co-workers [5] also mentioned that, three are basic steps in nanoemulsion cleaning mechanism: (1) Nanoemulsion creates many nucleus sites for hydrocarbon to partition within the micellar structures.
Lockhart, “Nanoemulsions: a new vehicle for chemical additive delivery”, SPE 106016 paper presented at the SPE International Symposium on Oilfield Chemistry, Houston, Texas, U.S.A, 28 February-2 March 2007
Graves, “Nanoemulsion:formation, structure and physical properties”, Journal of Physic: Condensed Matter, vol 18, pp.

The pair of neighboring dangling bonds reacts and forms a 2×1 dimer, and a monohydrid structure is formed.
This monohydrid structure with 2×1 dimers is still stable.
Note however, that the inner surface of PS is structured by nanoscaled crystalline planes of various orientations.
Due to the fact that alcohol based hydrogen does not contribute to the H passivation and also due to the easier availability of heavy water compared to deuterized alcohols we chose the water based chemistry for our vapour phase cleaning and passivation studies.
This was possible by the adaptation of the specific surface enhancement obtained by using - as model structure - porous silicon (PS) in the passivation experiments.

Graphene is the super extended form of graphite, which has single layer of carbon atoms arranged in hexagonal lattice like honeycomb structure.
Graphene will be the essential primary structure for some carbon structures, like the above-mentioned graphite, carbon nanotubes (Which have been assumed as rolled-up sheets of graphene in tube shapes).
It has a non-metal but referred to as a quasi-metal about its properties acts as a semiconductor metal [19] and it has a spherical structure's design with a cage-like structure made from graphene only with certain hexagonal rings supplanted by pentagonal rings [4].
[15] C Xu, X Wang, J Zhu - The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2008 - ACS Publications Graphene−Metal Particle Nanocomposites J.

On the condition of high volume fraction of γ′ phase, it is crucial to introduce these LRO parameters to distinguish the different variants of the Ll2 ordered structure.
So the MDS is usually applied to study the misfit dislocation structure of γ/γ′ interphase and the evolution of dislocations[36-38].
In FEM, Macroscopic anisotropy models are widely adopted to simulate directional rafting of micellar structure that including γ and γ′ phases.
FEM can intuitively simulate directional coarsening behaviors of micellar structure which includes γ and γ′ phases, but it is difficult to think about differences in creep behavior at the dendritic scale for the present model.
[44] Zhang Y, Wanderka N, Schumacher G, et al, Phase chemistry of the superalloy SC16 after creep deformation, J.

Introduction Tissue engineering which is an interdisciplinary field of biology, material science, chemistry, molecular biology, engineering and medicine has three basic pillars namely scaffold, cell and signlling agents [1].
Uniform, continues, and bead-free nanofibrous structure were also observed for scaffolds with different amount of CNF (Fig.1 b-e).
As Fig. 2 clearly shows, un-cross-linked chitosan based scaffolds loss their fibrous structure after 24 hours immersing in PBS.
In contrast to un-crosslinked scaffolds, the overall nanofibrous structure of cross-linked scaffolds were kept after immersion in PBS.
Biomimetic electrospun nanofibrous structures for tissue engineering.

This method was used to determine the structure and crystal structure of the catalysts.
Structure and morphology of the α-MnO2-CNT samples The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of α-MnO2 and α-MnO2-CNT samples are shown in Figure 3.
The XRD structure of CNT alone is presented in Fig. 3(c), where high peaks are observed at 2θ values of 26° and 42° for (002) and (100), respectively [20,46].
These results and comparisons suggest that α-MnO2-CNT has higher catalytic activity, which is attributed to the formation of nanotubes as a result of the heat transformation of the structure, the disordered morphology, the higher-edged structure leading to larger active sites, the doping of nitrogen during sintering, and the addition of oxygen as a functional group to CNT.
Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 873 (2020): 114401

For these reasons, it is difficult to find a solution to achieve a high process yield for mechanically alloyed titanium powder while balancing strict chemistry and ease of handling.
The phases synthesized include solid solutions, intermediate crystalline phases, amorphous phases and nano-structured phases [17, 24].
Amorphous phases formed by MA can be used as precursors for the production of nanocrystalline structures by crystallising the amorphous phases at reasonably low temperatures.
This is characteristic of short-range order in an amorphous structure.
Froes, Production of nanostructure titanium-based alloys by mechanical alloying, Nano structured Materials Vol.1. pp 191-196, (1992)