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For the conveniences of calculation, the spherical particles with different materials and different sizes were chosen as the abrasive particles and workpieces, the dynamics model of abrasive particles and workpieces on finishing process were built by 3D DEM.
Liu: Mechanical Science and Technology, Vol. 22 (2003) No.3, pp.386-388.
Wang: Journal of Tianjin Institute of Textile Science and Technology, Vol. 13 (1994) No.4, pp.104-108.
Yang: Journal of Tianjin Institute of Textile Science and Technology, Vol. 19 (2000) No.4, pp.17-20.
Wang: Journal of Tianjin University of Light Industry.

China Safety Science Journal, 2010, 20(3):156-160.
Science of the Total Environment, 408(2010):5775–5783
Journal of Hazardous Materials, 107(2004): 59-66
China Safety Science Journal, 2010, 20(8):165-169.
China Safety Science Journal, 2009, 19(3):149-154.

Application to pattern recognition In the following, a pattern recognition problem about the classification of building materials ([5, 6, 7]) is used to illustrate DFS and its distance measure above.
Assume that there are four classes of building material, which are represented by the IVIFS in the feature space X = {x1 , x2 ,…, x12 } whose weight vector is w={0.1, 0.05, 0.08, 0.06, 0.03, 0.07, 0.09, 0.12, 0.15, 0.07, 0.13, 0.05}T , and there is an unknown building material B.
Luo, Some information measures for interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy sets, Information Sciences 180 (2010) 5130-5145
Zhang, Some similarity measures of interval-Valued intuitionistic fuzzy sets and application to pattern recognition, Applied Mechanics and Materials 44~47 (2011) 3888-3892
Xu, Dynamic intuitionistic fuzzy multiple attribute decision making, International Journal of Approximate Reasoning 28 (2008) 246-262

.), or liquid (synthetic variety of liquids), or other cementations materials to reinforce soil structure to improve soil engineering properties, so as to improve soil strength and reduce deformation.
[3] Gao G.R(1980), The microstructure of loess in China, Science Bulletin, 20,945- 948
[4] Hu R.l, & Li X.Q, & Guo L, etc(1999),Microstructure of soil mechanics concepts, ideas, core,Journal of Earth Science, 20,150 -156
[5] Gao G.R(1990), Structural theory of collapsible loess, Journal of geotechnical engineering, 2 ,1-10
[7] Gao Y.C,& Zheng J.Q(1999),Laboratory experiments on soil cement, Journal of Hohai University, 5 ,103-106

The film thickness of the ZnO:Al films estimated from the SEM results were 86, 264, 289, 309 and 332 nm and clearly indicated that the film thickness directly increased with increasing sputtering power because the higher power of bombardment gave rise to a higher number and energy of scattered atoms deposited on substrate materials.
Liu, Properties of transparent conductive ZnO:Al thin films prepared by magnetron sputtering, Microelectronics Journal. 35 (2004) 383–387
Kim, Effect of RF power on an Al-doped ZnO thin film deposited by RF magnetron sputtering, Journal of the Korean Physical Society. 59 (2011) 2349-2353
Naranjo, Optimization of aluminum-doped zinc oxide films deposited at low temperature by radio-frequency sputtering on flexible substrates for solar cell applications, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells. 94 (2010) 157–163
Ekerim, Effects of argon pressure and r.f. power on magnetron sputtered aluminum doped ZnO thin films, Journal of Crystal Growth. 394 (2014) 116-125

On the other hand, titanium alloys are classified as hard-to-cut materials because of their poor thermal conductivity and high chemical reactivity.
Mahapatra, Application of TOPSIS in the Taguchi Method for Optimal Machining Parameter Selection, Journal of Manufacturing Science and Production 11 (2011) 49-60
Bahraminasab, A comprehensive VIKOR method for material selection, Materials and Design 32 (2011) 1215-1221
Davim, Multiobjective Optimization of Grinding Process Parameters Using Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm, Materials and Manufacturing Processes 25 (2010) 424-431
Palanikumar, Surface roughness analysis in turning of titanium alloy by nanocoated carbide insert, Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 2159- 2168

The materials involved are initially heterogeneous environments like rocks and artificial construction materials, like concrete.
Such materials, being in a stationary state, stable for small disturbances, can be interpreted as dissipative structures after the limit of elasticity is reached.
The latter is explained by the nature of the residual deformations of the initially non-uniform materials, to which concrete belongs.
We accept an obvious expression of function R=R(x), suitable for the mathematical description of the research materials, as , (7) where (С) is a material constant.
Equation of state allowing for loss strength of material (1999) Journal of Mining Science, 35 (4), pp. 353-360

Another series of nanostructured composite materials was elaborated that were based on different kinds of soluble silicates.
Steeven, p. 275-286, Springer Science. 2009. 4.
Journal of Surfactants and Detergents, v.3(4), p.475-481 (2000). 5.
Active Fillers for Composite Materials: Interaction with Penetrated Media.
Encyclopedia of Surface and Colloid Science.

Shaping materials containing porous constituents is a critical issue.
Pilone, Effect of wall microstructure and morphometric parameters on the crush behaviour of Al alloy foams, Materials Science and Engineering A 479 (2008) 58-64
Jorge, Processing and properties of AA7075/porous SiO2-MgO-Al2O3 composite, JAMME, International Journal of Achievement in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering 54 1 (2012) 7-15
Silva, Thixoinfiltration: a new approach to produce cellular and other low density metallic materials, Journal of Achievements in Mechanical and Engineering Manufacturing 34 (2010) 180-187
Kim, Machinability of Engineering Materials in Abrasive Water Jet Machining, International Journal of Water Jet Technology 2 (1995) 103-110

Design and Testing of the Copper Pipe and Aluminum Pipe Welding Control System Zhang Yue1, a, Li Qidong2, Sun Taili2 and Zhang Xichuan2, b 1 School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang China 2 Schoolof Material Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, China a zhangyue80@yeah.net, bzhangxichuan@126.com Keywords: copper pipe, aluminum pipe, weld, control, PLC Abstract.
But the substitute aluminum pipe for copper pipe is only partial rather than entire, due to the difficult of aluminum welding with other metal materials.
References [1] X.C.Zhang: Journal of Shenyang University of Technology Vol.31 (2009) No.2, p.173-176 [2] T.Watanabe: Journal of Light Metal Welding and Construction, Vol.39 (2001)No.2, p.28-36 [3] D.Y.Li: Journal of Shenyang University of Technology Vol.31 (2009) No.1, p.40-43 [4] X.C.Zhang: Journal of Shenyang University of Technology Vol.31 (2009) No.5, p.591-595 [5] K.Miyazaki.
Quarterly Journal of the Japan Welding Society Vol.6(1988)No.4,p.486-492 [6] D.Oelschlagel: Welding Journal Vol.56 (1977) No.4, p.21-27 [7] Z.L.Zhang: Journal of Shenyang University of Technology Vol.31 (2009) No.5, p.437-443 [8] D.Y.Li:Journal of Shenyang University of Technology Vol.30(2008)No.3, p.288-292 [9] I.
M.Stroiman: Welding Production, Vol.19(1972)No.7, p.28-30 [10] H.J.Huang: Journal of Shenyang University of Technology Vol.31 (2009) No.5, p.531-535 [11] L.N.Zuo: Welded Pipe and Tube Vol.31 (2008)No.3,p.39-42.