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A quantitative indicator of alterations in molecular or cellular constituents, mechanisms, structures, and functions associated with exposure to environmental pollutants is known as a pollution responsive biomarker [9].
As a floating macrophyte, this species plays an important role in water purification, habitat structure, and nutrient cycling.
Arimoro, “Linking environmental drivers including illegal gold mining to fish assemblage structure and health in a north-central Nigeria River: conservation and management implications of fish biodiversity” Environmental science and pollution research international, 32(13), 8053–8069, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-025-36201-0 [6] S.K.
Clinical chemistry, 34(3), 497–500, 1988

Hierarchical Wood Structure.
The detailed atomic structures of the two native cellulose allomorphs Iα (triclinic crystal structure) and Iβ (monoclinic) [7] have recently been solved by XRD [5].
Structure and Mechanical Properties.
Sub-Micrometer Structure of the Secondary Cell Wall.
Wegener, Wood - Chemistry, Ultrastructure, Reactions (Walter de Gruyter, Germany & USA 1984) [14] H.

X-ray diffraction showed crystalline structure and crystalline phase of the nanocomposites.
Other factor critics on the photocatalytic properties of TiO2 is the number of surface-active sites that depends on surface area and crystal structure characteristics.
These results suggested that silver and TiO2 were incorporated into the layer of natural-soil structure by the impregnation and ion exchange.
All samples are exhibiting a complicated structure due they have natural soil-NP (Vertisol soils), Ag-NP, TiO2-NP and exhausted coffee ground.
Khan, Nanoparticles: Properties, applications and toxicities, Arabian Journal of Chemistry, Elsevier B.V., (2017) [11] Wayne Institute, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.

As for the illitic structure, it seems to persist after calcination at 750 °C.
Klinowski, Solid-state NMR : studies of the structure and reactivity of metakaolinite, Angew.
Davidovits, Geopolymer: Chemistry and Applications, third ed., Institute Géopolymère, St-Quentin, 2011 pp 149-200
Brown: Crystal Structures of Clay Minerals and their X-ray Identification.
Duxson : The structure and thermal evolution of metakaolin geopolymers, (PhD thesis) Mulbourn University, 2006

The continuum mechanics allow us to model large structures, but the difference between a structure of reinforcement (CNT- atomic scale) and a matrix (macroscopic scale) is neglected.
The new carbon structures were observed by Suimo Iijima in 1991 [10].
The nanotube structure is created through very strong covalent bonds.
The mechanical description of CNTs is conducted for almost perfect structures.
To obtain mechanical properties for beams similar to Odegard [30] the energy equivalence between the computational chemistry and the strain energies in the structural mechanics was utilized.

Two alternative approaches were used to describe the deviation of the framework crystal structure relative to the high-symmetry parent structure: symmetry (a.k.a.
If the distorted structure has a lower point group symmetry than the parent structure, the distortion can be referred to as ferroic.
User-friendly software packages that allow one to automatically reparameterize a low-symmetry structure in terms of symmetry-adapted order parameters of a higher symmetry structure have also become available (e.g.
Method Both RB and SM distortion models have been used to study the ferroelastic phase transition of CsFeO2 from a cubic (space group mFd 3 ) parent structure to an orthorhombic (space group Pbca) low-symmetry structure (Fig. 2).
Finger: Comparative Crystal Chemistry (John Wiley and Sons, 1982) [3] E.K.H.

In the biomedical research area, it is being a giant effort of engineering and designing materials copying concepts from biological structures with the purpose of processing synthetic materials that will mimic the natural structures.
The nature and structure of these biomaterials affect the long-term success and the wound healing process.
Single walled (left) and Multiwalled (right) carbon nanotube structures. 1.2.1 Structure and properties In carbon structures, carbon atom bonds to each other covalently by the sharing of electron pairs and these covalent bonds present directional properties.
This gives carbon the ability to adapt into various molecular and crystalline structures.
With this new approach, a polymer matrix could allow tailoring and design of porous flexible 3D structures.

Zepeda-Ruiz1 1 Chemistry, Materials, and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550 US 2 Full Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061 US a caro2@llnl.gov , b diana@vt.edu Keywords: Dynamics, Grain Boundary Sliding, Grain Growth, Microalloying Abstract.
Both have the same nanocrystalline initial structure, created using a Voronoi construction, with random location and orientation of the grains.
This result shows that Fe impurities that segregate to the boundaries are able to stabilize the grain structure during annealing.
As mentioned before, our two samples have exactly the same grain structure initially, and therefore the same driving force at the start of the annealing treatment.

Surface scale formation, bulk carburisation and/or decarburisation can occur, depending on the gas chemistry, the alloy composition and the temperature.
In this case, the core structure is made out of large amounts of graphite.
TZM is a Mo-based alloy; its structure, strengthened by finely dispersed Zr-Ti oxide and carbide, is stable up to 1000°C.
The surface scales are duplex made of chromium and titanium oxides whereas a subsurface region is depleted in Cr, Ti and Al (see the alteration of the alloy structure on the Fig. 1).

Heterogeneities in solids lead to stress concentrations as well as to the formation of residual stresses that can influence the micro-morphological structure of the solid over time.
The latter result from different thermal expansion coefficients of tin and lead, and from global thermal mismatch inherent to microelectronics structures.
In order to demonstrate our approach for the calculation of HGC's we shall focus on the AgCu system, which has a comparatively simple crystal structure (both species condense in an fcc lattice) 4 The symbol g instead of ψ is used to indicate that the units of g are in kJ/mol.
In: Treatise on Solid State Chemistry.