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Methodology Molecular dynamic simulations were carried out using Materials Studio software package version 4.4.
Applied Mechanics and Materials, 548-549 (2014) 1876-1880 [9] TA Tengku Mohd, N Alias, NA Ghazali, E Yahya, A Sauki, A Azizi, NM Yusof.
Advanced Materials Research, 1119 (2015) 90–95 [10] JJ Bikerman.
Procedia Materials Science, 11 (2015) 565–570 [12] M Zargartalebi, R Kharrat, N Barati.
Molecular dynamics simulations of stability at the early stages of silica materials preparation.

Badrul, An Axiomatic Approach to Design for Sustainable End-of-life: A Review of Literature, Applied Mechanics and Materials. 315 (2013) 705-709
Fearon, Purchasing and materials management, Richard D.
Galle, Green Purchasing Strategies: Trends and Implications, International Journal of Purchasing and Materials Management. 33 (1997) 10-17
Chan, Integrating Environmental Criteria into the Supplier Selection Process, Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 138 (2003) 349–356
Jawahir, Sustainable manufacturing: Modeling and optimization challenges at the product, process and system levels, CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology. 2 (2010) 144–152

Materials and Methods Materials.
Sinha, Materials Science and Engineering C, (2013)
Wimmer, Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 1 (2012) 50-62
Theisen, Materials Science Forum, 706-709 (2012) 2193-2198
Berns, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 481-482 (2008) 707-712

Samarium Ions Concentration Dependent Optical Enhancement in Phosphate Glass Ramli Arifina, Lee Pei Sanb, Md Rahim Saharc, Sib Krishna Ghoshald, Khaidzir Hamzahe Advanced Optical Materials Research Group, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia, aramliarifin@utm.my, bpei_san89@hotmail.com Keywords: Phosphate glass, rare earth, absorption, photoluminescence Abstract.
Batch of 15 g of raw materials of analytical grade purity are weighed and thoroughly mixed by stirring ensuring the homogeneity.
References [1] Mazurak, Z., Bodyl, S., Lisiecki, R., Gabrys-Pisarska, J., Czaja, M., Optical Properties of Pr3+, Sm3+ and Er3+ Doped P2O5-CaO-SrO-BaO Phosphate Glass, Optical Materials 32 (2010) 547-553
[2] Hafid, M., Jermoumi, T., Toreis, N., Ghailassi, T., Structure of (45-x)Na2O- xBaO-5ZnO-50P2O5 Glasses Studied by DSC and Infrared Spectroscopy, Materials Letters 56 (2002) 486-490
[5] Marcin Sobczyk, Przemyslaw Starynowicz, Radoslaw Lisiecki, Witold Ryba-Romanowski, Synthesis, Optical Spectra and Radiative Properties of Sm2O3 : PbO : P2O5 Glass Materials, Optical Materials 30 (2008) 1571-1575

Introduction With the development of the surface materials, copper film using different kinds of actuated methods were fabricated.
To the second question, the interaction process of femtosecond laser with materials is receiving a great interest in virtue of its peculiar applications, and also thanks to the availability of more reliable laser systems.
b is the material absorption coefficient.
Nolte, Applied Surface Science, 1997,V109, P110 [5]Collins C B, Davanloo F, Juengerman E M et al.
J.E.Beraun, Journal of laser applications, 2005,V17, pp63 [10]L.

Experimental Methodology Materials and Laser Cladding Process.
The particle size of those powdery filler materials was in a range between 20 and 53 µm.
(2) 3650 coating materials have higher hardness than rail substrate.
Vasudev, Hardfaced layer on mild steel made by paste technique with SMAW electrode to improve surface properties, Indian Journal of Engineering and Materials Sciences. 1 (2014)
Zhang, Study on the Performance of Fe-Based Alloy Coating on 40Cr Substrate Surface, Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance. 34 (2025) 1586-1595

For a thinner application (10 µm), the surface roughness of the base materials cannot be compensated.
Zhao, Size-dependent melting point of noble metals, Materials Chemistry and Physics 82 (2003) 225-227
Grimsdale, Printing materials for electronic devices, International Journal of Materials Research 101 (2010) 236–250
Welzel, Characterization of the residual stresses and strength of ceramic-metal braze joints, Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 131 (2009) 021004/1–8
Jiang, Conductivity Enhancement of Nano Silver-Filled Conductive Adhesives by Particle Surface Functionalization, Journal of Electronic Materials 34 (2005) 1432-1439

Table 2 Comparison of pushing force with different materials D 108 x12R400 Pushing force (N) Bending moment 45° 90° 135° 180° Materials 20G 166477 167269 166774 165551 P91 290754 292347 288689 290186 a) Moment with 20G b) Moment with P91 Fig. 3 Comparison of bending moment with different materials a) Pushing force of material 20G b) Pushing force of material P91 Fig. 4 Comparison of pushing force between different materials Sectional Strain of Tube A and Tube B.
a) Sectional strain with material 20G b) Sectional strain with material P91 Fig. 5 Comparison of sectional quality with different materials We can compare sectional quality with different materials in Table 3.
Yu: Applied mechanics and Materials, Vol. 10-12 (2008), pp. 172-176
Yu: Submitted to Key Engineering Materials, (2008)
Liu: Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology, Vol. 15 (2008) No.2, pp. 198-201

Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 142, 648- 658, 2003
Journal of Material Processing Technology. 209, 4051-4061, 2008
Journal of materials processing technology. 189, 97–106, 2008
Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 180, 37- 43, 2006
Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology. 28 (2), 699-704, 2014

Materials and method Related works.
Material.
Vialle; Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics.
Kim; Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare.
Kim; Journal of Digital Imaging.