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When these solicitations exceed locally the tensile strength of the material, crack will be generated and subsequently affect the transport properties of concrete.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by Sustainable Building Research Center of Hanyang University which was supported by ERC program of Ministry of Education, Science Technology (#R11-2005-056-04003-0) and Standard Technology Improvement Project supported by Ministry of Knowledge Economy(#2007-000-0000-6365).
References [1]Kejin Wang, Daniel C.Jansen, Surendra P.Shah, permeability study of cracked concrete, cement and concrete research, Vol.27, 1997, pp.381-393 [2]Corina-Maria Aldea, Surendra P.Shah, Alan Karr, effect of cracking on water and chloride permeability of conrete, journal of materials in civil engineering, vol.11,1999,pp.181-186 [3]Olga Garces Rodriguez, R.Doug Hooton, influence of cracks on chloride ingress into concrete, ACI materials journal, vol.100, 2003, pp.120-126 [4]B.Gerard, J.Marchand, influence of cracking on the diffusion properties of cement-based materials Part І: influence of continuous cracks on the steady-state regime, cement and concrete research, vol.30, 2000, pp.37-43 [5] influence of traversing crack on chloride diffusion into concrete, A.Djerbi, S.Bonnet, A.Khelidj, V.Baroghel-bouny, cement and concrete research, doi:10.1016/j.cemconres,2007.10.007 [6] Xiaoyong Wang, Hanseung Lee, Kibong Park, Numerical simulation of heat evolution of
eco-friendly blended portland cements using a multi-component hydration model, Materials Science Forum Vol. 569(2008)pp.257-260 [7] Xiao-Yong Wang, Han-Seung Lee, Seung-Min Lim.
Numerical Simulation of Autogenous Shrinkage of Eco-friendly Blended Portland Cements Using A Multi-Component Hydration Model Materials Science Forum Vol. 569 (2008) pp. 261-264 [8] Ki-Bong Park, Takafumi Noguchib, Joel Plawsky.Cem Concr Res 2005;35(9):1676- 1684 [9]Byung Hwan Oh, Seung Yup Jang, cement and concrete research, 2000, Vol.34, 2004, 463-480 [10]Sang-Hun Han, construction and building materials, 2007, Vol.21, 370-378 [11]G.De Schutter, magazine of concrete research, 1999, pp.427-435

Introduction Nano-materials have special properties,such as small size effect,surface effect,quantum size effect and macroscopic quantum tunneling effect [1]and so on, and show a series of unique physical and chemical properties,as a result a great deal of attention is paid on the nano-materials[2].
Nano-silver materials have excellent electric and optical properties, and have already been used in the fields of catalysis, antimicrobial, printing ink, bio-label[3,4].
The article uses three different ways to concentrate the lower density of silver solution prepared in the lab,and then make comparison and characterization among the three methods through particle size distribution ,UV-vis and SEM. 1 Experiment 1.1 Experimental materials and instruments Main materials: silver nitrate(AgNO3),AR; hydrazine hydrate,AR; PVP(K-30),AR; deionized water Main instruments: Zetasizer nano,Marvern Instruments Ltd; UV-vis spectrophotometer,Japan Shimadzu; SEM,American FEI co. 1.2 Experimental process The prepation of nano-silver: Take quantitative amount of deionized water with some PVP added ,then adjust the PH,and mix using blender; stir the hydrazine hydrate solution,AgNO3 solution,adding them to the reaction solution,observe the color change of the solution,continue stirring 30 mins and then remove the solution.
Acknowledgement The study is financially supported by Key Project Funding of Beijing Municipal Education & Beijing natural science foundation Committee (KZ200910015001) and Funding Project for Academic Human Resources Development in Institutions of Higher learning under the jurisdiction of Beijing Municipality PHR(IHLB) (PXM2009-014223-077341);(PHR200909124);Opening investigation subject of Beijing area key lab of pringting & packaging material and technology (OISBKPP)(KF201010).
References [1] Wenwen Gao et al: Research and Development in Preparation of Shape-controlled Silver Nanoparticles by Chemical Methods, Precious Metal, 2009.2 [2] Bingdu Xu,et al: Nano-materials and application technology, Chemical Industry Press, 2004,pp.14-16 [3] Taiwei Zhang et al: Shape-Controlled Synthesis and Applications of Silver Nano-Particles, RARE METAL MATERIALS AND ENGINEERING, 2007.8 [4] Xuelin Tian et al: Growth and Stabilization of Silver Nanoplates in Aqueous Solvent Monitored Trough UV-Vis Spectra, Chinese Journal of Chemical Physics,2006.8.27 [5] Xiaoyan He and Mei Yu: Chemical Preparation and Characteristic of Silver Nanoparticles, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, 2005.3 [6] Zongtao Zhang et al: Preparation of Nanometer--sized Silver Powder by Polymer Proteetion Method, Journal of East Chlna University of Science and Technology, 1995.8 [7] Rongchao Jin et al: Photoinduced conversion of silver nanospheres to nanoprisms, Science 294,1901(2001)

Fire load density is the calorific value of combustible materials per unit area.
Fixed fire loads have been reduced greatly because a lot of hard-combustible material, non-combustible material and flame retardant materials were widely used in building structure and interior decoration in the modern commercial buildings.
The combustion heat releases of various materials are different.
Even if all were clothing, combustion heat releases of different clothes are not the same due to different materials and qualities.
Fire Risk Assessment in a Large Shopping Building. submitted to Journal of Safety Science and Technology(2009), p. 117-120 , in Chinese

Journal of materials processing technology, Vol. 209, (2009), p. 102-109
Journal of materials processing technology, Vol. 205, (2008), p. 16-23
Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 74, (1998), p. 104-114
Journal of Materials Processing Technology.
Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 21, (1986), p. 2705-2710.

It has been used to get the displacement and strain distribution of the target structure for analyzing the crack growth [5~7], necking during monotonic loading, phase transformation in materials and so on.
The principle of the method As damage occurs in the materials or structures, the distribution of stress around the damaged region would change, causing the inhomogeneity of strain.
Materials science and engineering A, Vol.517, 2009, pp. 225-234 [6] Marion Risber, Pierre Feissel, Thierry Roland, Delphine Brancherie, Jean-Marc Roelandt.
Beijing: Science Press, 2002 [14] Bruck HA, McNeil SR, Sutton MA, et al.
Journal of dynamic Systems, Measurement and Control.

Synthesis and Characterization of Polyaniline Conductive Composite Films Zheng Chen a, Ruiqi Li b, Qing Guo College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, PR China asgchenzheng@163.com, bleerq@sina.com Keywords: polyaniline; conductive membrane; electric conductivity; thermal stability Abstract.
Thermal performance analysis of PANI-DBSA/ABS .Thermal stability is an important index measured conductive composite materials [3].
Acknowledgements This present work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (50975054), Special Research Program of Harbin Municipal Innovation Talents of Science and Technology (2010RFQXG020).
Woods: Journal of Materials Science.
Naito: Japanese Journal of Applied Physics.Vol. 10(1971), p. 99

Friedrich; Materials Science Forum 600-603 (2009) 143-146
Friedrich; Materials Science Forum 645-648 (2010) 299-302
Weber; Materials Science Forum 679-680 (2011) 55-58
Thomas; Journal of Crystal Growth 349 (2012) 43-49
Sommer; Materials Science Forum 645-648 (2010) 901-904.

The most reported raw materials for bio-based polymers are soybean oil[3], linseed oil[4], rapeseed oil and nahar oil[5].
Other plant oils that also being used as the starting raw materials are corn, olive and canola oil[6].
This process leads to the synthesise a wide range of polymeric materials and composite resins[7].
Walkenström, Preparation of thermoset composites from natural fibres and acrylate modified soybean oil resins, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 114 (2009) 2502-2508
Wool, Composites from natural fibers and soy oil resins, Applied Composite Materials, 7 (2000) 421-432

YU, K.XIE, L.Q.LIU, J.CHI: Metallic Functional Materials Vol. 44 ( 2007), p.40-43(in Chinese)
Zhu, Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics Vol.37 (2004) 3063
Yu, X.P.Song:Rare Metal Materials and Engineering Vol.38 (2009), p. 2239(in Chinese)
Lv: Journal of Alloys and Compounds Vol.392 (2005) , p.20 [12] N.
Brommern, in: Handbook of Magnetic Materials, edtied by K.

FLAC3d has many constitutive models including isotropic elastic materials models, transverse isotropic elastic materials models, mole-coulomb elastic plastic materials models, strain softening/hardening plastic materials models, double yield plastic materials models, proliferating joint materials models, and empty unit models.
On the other side, FLAC3d can use corresponding constitutive equation to truly reflect the dynamic behavior of actual materials according to the properties of different materials [1, 10].
[5] Nierobisz, Andrzej: Journal of Mines, Metals and Fuels, v 55, n 12, p 581-585, December 2007
R.J.: International Journal of Coal Geology, v 64, n 1-2, p 116-125, October 17, (2005)
[11] Gh.A.K., Murthy and Ch.S.N.: Journal of Mines, Metals and Fuels, v 36, n 4, p 165-169, Apr (1988)