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Most of sulfides within grains were Cr2MnS4, while sulfides at grain boundaries were mainly FeS.
The number of spherical sulfides is then increased.
Fig.2 The morphology of sulfides in grain.
As the cooling rate was increased, more sulfides were found in grain rather than at grain boundaries.
The number of spherical sulfides is increased and the sulfides show a catenular distribution at grain boundaries. 3) The sulfides are easily fracturing and the microcrack are formed in the sulfides when the steel is stressed by force.

The double Scohottky barriers at the grain boundaries between every two ZnO grains have been validated as the origin of the nonlinear characteristics.
Generally, Newton iterative method is used to solve above equations, which will become quite time-consuming when the number of equations is large.
In subarea III, two ZnO grains are touched directly.
The values of above impedances depend on the actual sizes of ZnO grains and grain boundaries.
Pores and twin grains.

Furthermore, the deformation mechanisms of grain rotation and grain boundary sliding could be easily performed in less constrained surface grain.
When the feature size decreases, the constraint of micro-mold becomes significant and less number of grains is involved in plastic deformation.
As the free surface grain is less constrained by grain boundary, the strain incompatibility among adjacent grains makes the surface grains move normally to the specimen surface, resulting in the surface roughening.
As a result, the constraint applied by grain boundaries decreases for coarse-grained workpiece and the surface grain is more susceptible to move out of surface.
On the other hand, the number of total available slip systems activated to accommodate the localized deformation decreases.

When examining the changes of the crystal grain of drawn wire by EBSD (Electron Back Scatter Diffraction Patterns), it wasconcluded out that grain size was compressed by conventional drawn wire due to share deformation and for alternate drawn wire it was confirmed that it was possible to inhibit the grain shrinking by 15% compared to the conventional drawing method.
ECAP method is used to get ultra-fine metal grain that has a higher workability.
Also, the further suppression of work hardening is possible with the increase of the number of times reversing the drawing direction.
Grain size observation of drawn wire by EBSD analysis 　In this analysis, to investigate the crystal grain size and crystal grain orientation of conventional and alternate drawn wires, Electron Back-Scatter Diffraction (EBSD) analysis was used.
In Fig. 10 the grain size of conventional and alternate drawn wire is shown.

The result showed that it had excellent grain refining performance for commercially pure aluminum in 800˚C.
So far, AlTiB master alloy is still the most commonly used grain refiner in Al and Al alloys [3].
Research has shown that, AlTiC master alloy is considered as the most promising grain refiner of Al and Al alloy[6].
(a) 740˚C (b)800˚C (c)900˚C Figure 5 Refinement picture Figure 5 shows, AlTiC master alloy prepared at 800 ℃ has the best refinement, all of equiaxed grain, size can reach an aluminum (average grain size 0.026mm2) requirements; at 740 ℃, the temperature is low, refinement of AlTiC is bad, most of columnar crystals; at 900 ℃, the temperature is high, morphological of TiAl3 in the AlTiC master alloy changed, lowered refining effect, the center sites were equiaxed, columnar grain edges.
Reif, Development of Al-Ti-C grain refiners containing Tic.

The affair number of transaction item set in data set is called supporting number, which is recorded as.
(2) Reducing the number of support degree computing, so the number is close to the frequent itemsets number
(3) Using the number of sub itemsets to get the maximum decomposition
Granular computing table Grain Information grain Binary system Grain size [A] {002,004} 10100000 2 [B] {001,004,005,007,008,009} 1E+08 6 [C] {003,005,006,007,008,009} 1011111 6 [D] {001,002,003,004,006,008,009} 1.11E+08 7 [E] {001,008} 1E+08 2 From the table we can see, all the grain size reaches the minimum support degree, so they usually are one group.
Two groups of frequent item set table after granular computing Grain Information grain Binary system Grain size [A] {002,004} 10100000 2 [B] {001,004,005,007,008,009} 1E+08 6 [C] {003,005,006,007,008,009} 1011111 6 [D] {001,002,003,004,006,008,009} 1.11E+08 7 [E] {001,008} 1E+08 2 The number of itemsets is obtained by the new frequent itemsets combination: [B,C,D], [B,C,E], [B,D,E].

Strain of Grains.
The total number of grains used for the measurement was about 240.
The numbers of measured grains is about 240.
Namely, the grain shape mainly affects the rotation of grains
(3) The standard deviation of the strain among grains is small for those grains with large grain size.

To meet low insertion loss requirement, a lower number of turns is required.
This fact was mainly attributed to that phosphorus ions with high electronic valence could increase cation vacancies in the grain boundary region, as a result, the speed of the grain boundary movement increased, thereby promoting grain size of the ferrites.
Due to the increased pores hindered grain boundary movements, enlarging trend of grain size became tardily as P2O5 addition exceeded 0.06wt%.
Hysteresis loss decreased with increasing grain size, which could be explained by the decrease of domain wall pinning factor, grain boundary, with increasing grain size [6].
Magnetic loss was also influenced by both grain size and porosity.

It was equiaxed or dendrite structure with grain size of 20～40μm.
Ti and C distribute evenly along grain boundaries and grains.
Grain refiner can refine grains and improve ingot quality, so it is an indispensable key material in aluminum casting[5-7].
Primary grain size ranges between 10~200μm.
Development of Al-Ti-C grain refiners containing TiC.

Grain size.
Figure 2 is the macro grain degree photos of the Nimonic 90 alloy by different remelting casting into test specimens, grain size characteristics are shown in Table 3.
As a consequence, the number of nucleation rate increased, average grain size tended to be smaller and smaller, which ranged from 127μm to 15.9μm.
a)1# b) 2# c) 3# d) 4# Fig. 2 Macro-photographies of samples for different remelting processes Table 3 Grain grade of the Nimonic90 Serial number 1# 2# 3# 4# Grain size(μm) 120~130 60~70 30~33 14~17 Grain grade 3 5 7 9 Microstructure.
Same researches pointed out the number of the γ ' in superalloy usually increases with Al+Ti, and the Ti / Al ratio has little effect relative to the number of γ ' [6].