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In terms of γ variant statistics, mixing results from different grains does not make sense.
Thus, the data reported in Table 1.b only correspond to measurements within one grain.
Observations in other grains are coherent with them.
a) γ/γγ/γγ/γγ/γ interfaces As-Cast (two grains) total number of interfaces 298 Interfaces 180o(T) 120o(OD) 60o(PT) number 161 93 44 Exper. % 54.03 31.21 14.77 Pseudo random % 27.32 36.38 36.30 κκκκ 2 factor 118 b) γ/αγ/αγ/αγ/α2222/γ/γ/γ/γ sequences As-Cast (two grains) total number of sequences 95 γ γ γ γ vs γγγγ misorientation 180 o(T) 120o(OD) 60 o(PT) 0o number 10 29 25 31 Exper. % 10.53 30.53 26.32 32.63 Pseudo random % 21.38 28.46 28.40 21.77 κκκκ 2 factor 10.67 Table 2: Data relative to the nature of γ|γ interfaces (a) and of γ|α2|γ sequences (b) in the as-cast sample 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 180° 120° 60° ZGHNC97-PST ZGHNC97-Ti46Al CHESM02 Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb coarse Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb fine Interface frequency (%) interface type random random random Figure 3 : Comparison between the γ|γ interface frequencies measured in the present study with results from previous studies and with expected frequencies in case of randomness
The average number of γ lamellae between α2 is found to drop to 1.36.

Several Ap grains were surrounded as a group by the pores, but additional heat treatment in a temperature range up to 900°C reduced the number of Ap grains in the group, and finally became a single grain region at 1000°C.
Several Ap grains were surrounded as a group by the pores, but the additional heat treatment in a temperature range up to 900°C reduced the number of Ap grains in the group, and finally became a single grain at 1000°C.
The size of Ap grains and pore density are closely related to the solubility and mechanical property of Ap ceramics, thus control of them is necessity [6].
The size and shape of Ap grains changed remarkably depending on the heat treatment, but the preferential alignment of Ap was never lost and still intensified.
Figure 4 Temperature dependence of grain size of Ap, relative intensity ratio of (002)/(310) and pore density in the Ap ceramics synthesized in this study. [5] T.

It is obviously found that a lot of Goss grains forms through thickness, and some Goss grains possess size advantage compared with γ and other grains.
Therefore, Goss can become stronger and remains the dominant texture after considerable grain growth by consuming surrounding small grains.
The advantage both in number and size depends on abundant preferred nucleation sites and efficient grain growth.
Since shear bands contribute most nucleation sites for Goss grains, a high density and intensity of shear bands can give enormous number of nuclei.
The η grains have an evident advantage both in size and number, benefiting from the shear bands with appropriate intensity and density.

A number of thermomechanical aspects such as plastic deformation, heat transfer between the material and the container, heat generated by friction, and cooling process after the extrusion are involved in the extrusion process and result in changes in temperature and microstructure parameters subsequently.
More generally, the distribution of grain orientation, grain size, and grain shape, will result in anisotropic behavior.
In contrast to mesh refinement, this method helps us to improve the quality of mesh and decrease the number of elements during the simulation.
coarser subgrain finer subgrain I: Dead zone II: Shear zone III: Deformation zone IV: Die exit    The distribution of non-dimensional grain size in Fig. 3 (right) shows that in the areas where the deformation is smaller (in DMZ and in the middle of the block close to the ram) the grain size is not changing during the extrusion and has almost the original grain size of the material before deformation, whereas in the die exit, MDZ and SIZ, the size of grains gets smaller.
The evolution of non-dimensional subgrain size in the DMZ is very slow and the size of grains remains almost unchanged.

According to the Copper Development Association (CDA), the brass with Cu 70% and Zn 30% can be known as Cartridge Brass [6,7] with the CDA number 260.
The number and size of the grains developed in a unit volume of the metal depends on the rate at which nucleation takes place.
The numbers of different sites at which individual crystals begin to form and the rate at which these crystals grow are both important and influences on the size of the grains developed.
Generally, rapid cooling produces smaller grains, whereas slow cooling produces larger grains.
In the present study, the grain size of brass in the sand casting is larger than the grain size of brass in the chill casting (Fig. 3).

The intrinsic factor is ultrafine equiaxed grain structure, the average grain size is less than 10 μm, the smaller the better.
Sample number and process arrangements are shown in Table 2.
Grains do not see black and white area organizations.
Carbides and grain refinement.
The grain size of sample 6# is small.

Average grain size statistics.
The cracking at the grain boundaries of the grain 1 and 2, and expanding along the grain boundary is shown in Figure 8a.
The crack of the grain 1 continues to expand into grain 3, 4, 5, 7 and 8, as shown in Figure 8b.
Therefore, different grain sizes will lead to the number of grain size changes which satisfy the critical event of cleavage fracture under the same conditions.
It implies that the size and number of the coarsest grains in the grains should be controlled, improving the fracture toughness of the A508-3 steel. 5 Conclusion 1) The brittle fracture mode of ductile-brittle mixed fracture is cleavage fracture.

From a coarse-grained material state, in the absence of recovery/ recrystallization and grain growth or when work hardening prevails over recovery and recrystallization, with increasing deformation the grains are refined and the grain size decreases to a few hundred nanometers before saturation is reached [3].
For given straining conditions, the grain refinement reaches saturation at some stage and the grain size approaches a stationary value.
At the large strains corresponding to this condition of saturation (probably produced locally at rather high strain rates), we believe that dislocation generation in large numbers at a rapid rate facilitates the formation and growth of the micro-cracks to a size beyond the critical size needed for crack growth and failure.
Then, the grain size would be clearly larger than the theoretical limiting grain size.
Then, the final grain size obtainable will decrease.

TNTZ subjected to HPT processing where the rotation number (N) is 20 (TNTZAHPT) after aging treatment (AT) shows a unique microstructure having ultrafine elongated grains (285 nm in length and 36 nm in width) with high-density dislocations, a large fraction of blurred and wavy boundaries consisting of non-uniform subgrains with high misorientation and nanostructured precipitated α phase.
Then, the coin-shaped samples of TNTZAT were subjected to the HPT processing at rotation numbers, N, of 1, 5, 10, and 20 with a rotation velocity of 0.2 rpm under a pressure of 1.25 GPa at room temperature (TNTZAHPT).
However, the grains exhibits an elongated morphology aligned along radial directions.
The maximum cyclic stress–fatigue life (the number of cycles to failure) curves, which are called S–Nf curves, obtained from plain fatigue tests of TNTZAHPT at N = 20, are compared with those of Ti64 ELI [17] in Fig. 4.
Furthermore, the grains exhibit non-uniform subgrains.

The result also shows that compression strength parallel to the grain for both wood species to be significantly different from those perpendiculars to the grain.
Two type of compressions test were carried out; axial compression (parallel to grain) and transverse compression (perpendicular to the grain).
Compression strength of Kapur and Kelat parallel to the grain and perpendicular to the grain were tabulated in Table 2.
The result shows that compression strength parallel to the grain for both wood species to be significantly different from those perpendiculars to the grain.
Tabarsa, Compression Perpendicular to Grain Behavior of Wood, Ph.D.