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The materials that can be used for the model manufacturing depends on the manufacturing technique to be adopted, except the standard parts like screw, nut and bolts for the attachment of control surfaces and struts.
Acknowledgments The support of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI), Malaysia, under the grant 06-01-08-SF0189 for hybrid airship project is gratefully acknowledged.
In 43rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, (2005) [7] Chuk, R.
Rapid Prototyping Journal, 4(4), 185-196. (1998) [8] A selection of experimental test cases for the validation of CFD codes, Canada Communication Group AGARD-AR-303, Vol I, ISBN 92-836-1002-4, Aug-1994
Smart materials and structures, 18(2), 024008, (2009) [10] Chan, S.

However, every component cannot be replaced by lightweight materials like aluminium.
Zhang, Simulation of interfacial friction regime transition in inertia friction welding, International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 303 (2025) 110643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110643 [10] M.
Cavaliere, Metallurgical characteristics of aluminum-steel joints manufactured by rotary friction welding: A review and statistical analysis, Journal of Materials Research and Technology 30 (2024) 2520–2550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.03.089 [14] C.
Mori (Ed.), Simulation of Materials Processing: Theory, Methods and Applications (Proceedings of the International Conference on Numerical Simulation of Materials Processing, NUMIFORM 2001), A.A.
Walløe, Finite element modelling of the inertia friction welding process between dissimilar materials, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 125–126 (2002) 387–391. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-0136(02)00349-7 [20] B.

The simulation and model that will be produced in this study will be based on data from published journal.
The material used is Ti-6Al-4V widely used in aviation applications.
Macina, New results for the fretting-induced stress concentration on Hertzian and flat rounded contacts, International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 45 (2003) 449–467
McColl, The effect of slip regime on fretting wear-induced stress evolution, International Journal of Fatigue 26 (2004) 521–531
Fontanari, The effect of bi-modal and lamellar microstructures of Ti-6Al-4V on the behaviour of fatigue cracks emanating from edge-notches, Fatigue Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures 27 (2004) 1073–1089

Materials Main materials: Gelatin (CP, Shanghai Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd.
This is because the microcapsules’ wall materials of gelatin and arabic gum molecules contain many reactive groups such as hydroxyls, amidos.
Cases: European Polymer Journal, Vol. 43 (2007), p. 2481 [6] S.Q.
Joy E.: Journal of the Textile Institute, Vol. 99 (2008), p. 177 [7] L.
Yang: Polymer materials science and engineering, Vol. 26(2010), p. 118 [11] R.

Methods and materials Materials Figure 1 shows the gradation curve of the reinforced soil.
In the case of same soil type, the nature of reinforcement materials plays a vital role in reinforced soil.
It is because the difference of reinforcement materials.
Metallurgical ansd Materials Transactions.
Journal of Materials Science. 40(2005), p. 2987-2989

Fukui: Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 126, (2004) No. 1-2, p.24
Chan: Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 161, (2006) No. 1, p.123
Awano: Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 300, (2007) No. 1-2, p.45
Peng: Journal of Rare Earths, Vol. 23, (2005) No. 2, p.167
[8] Jianguo Huang, Hanrui Zhuang and WenLan Li: Materials Research Bulletin, Vol. 38, (2003) No. 1, p.149

Severe tool wear and rough machined surface were obtained during machining and finishing operations on these polymeric materials.
[2] Mata, F., Gaitonde, V.N., Karnik, S.R., Davim, J.P., Influence of cutting conditions on machinability aspects of PEEK, PEEK CF 30 and PEEK GF 30 composites using PCD tools, J. of Materials Progressing Technology, 209 (2009) 1980-1987
[3] Davim, J.P., Mata, F., Physical cutting model of Polyetheretherketone composites, Materials & Design, 27(10) (2006) 847–852
[5] Chatelain, J. and Zaghbani, I., Effect of tool geometry special features on cutting forces of multilayered CFRP laminates, Journal of Composite Materials (2012) 85–90
[8] Mata, F., Hanafi, I., Khamlichi, A., Jabbouri, A., Bezzazi, M., Derivation of statistical models to predict roughness parameters during machining process of PEEK composites using PCD and K10 tools, International Journal of Physical Science. 4(5) (2009) 369–376

Hot Deformation Behavior of 316LN Stainless Steel Wenwu HEa, Jiansheng LIU b, Huiqin CHEN a, Huiguang GUOa School of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China a hwwssl@126.com, b jiansliu@126.com Keywords: 316LN stainless steel, Constitutive equation, Dynamic recrystallization, Iso-efficiency map Abstract.
In some materials such as aluminum, the dynamic recovery (DRV) can balance work hardening and a plateau is achieved.
However, in many materials such as austenite phase in steels, the major restoration process during hot deformation is dynamic recrystallization due to low stacking fault energy of austenite steel [1-3].
Moreover, the hot processing map technology based on dynamic materials model is a method to evaluate the thermal deformation mechanisms of a wide range of metal materials such as alloys of magnesium, aluminum, titanium and Ni-base superalloy as well as steels [4].
Ren: Journal of University of Science and Technology Beijing, Vol. 31 (2009) No. 12, pp. 1555-1559 (in Chinese).

Materials and Methods The environmental performance of Ti6Al4V chips recycling via the ShAPE process was evaluated in accordance with ISO 14040/44 standards.
The sensitivity analysis further reveals that variations in the torque needed to overcome materials flow at chips interfaces have a great influence on both consolidation and extrusion performance.
Ostachowski, “Solid state processing of titanium chips by an unconventional plastic working,” Journal of Materials Research and Technology, vol. 13, pp. 808–822, Jul. 2021, doi: 10.1016/J.JMRT.2021.04.037
Res., vol. 53, no. 17, pp. 5265–5277, Sep. 2015, doi: 10.1080/00207543.2015.1026615;JOURNAL:JOURNAL:TPRS20;WGROUP:STRING:PUBLICATION
Wang, “The effect of different cleaning methods for titanium chips on the carbon content of ferrotitanium after remelting,” Journal of Materials Research and Technology, vol. 18, pp. 2208–2216, May 2022, doi: 10.1016/J.JMRT.2022.03.115

American Society for Testing of Materials (ASTM E8M-04) deliberating principle were followed in preparing the test specimens.
Reference [1] MuminSahin H., ErolAkata, TurgutGulmez. 2007, Characterization of mechanical properties in AISI 1040 parts welded by friction welding, Materials Characterization.
[5] Sahin M., Akata, H.E., 2003, joining with friction welding of plastically deformed steel, Journal of Material Processing Technology, J. 142(1), pp 239–46
[9] Palanikumar K., Karthikeyan R., 2006, Assessment of factors influencing surface roughness on the machining of glass fiber-reinforced polymer composites” Materials and Design, 27, PP 862–871
Material Science and Techno lodge. 1986, 2: 865−870