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It can be seen that the microstructure of the base alloy was changed, with the addition of Y and the grains number increased, which means that the grain size was reduced by Y addition.
Generally, rare earth elements have grain refinement effects on magnesium alloys.
The result of grain size refinement has a good agreement with, where they reported that the grain sizes of the as cast reduced by 31.8%[16].
Thus, the following can be summarized: a) The Y addition has significant effect on grain size, while the grain refinement and size reduced by 31.8%.
Acknowledgements This research is funded by Exploratory Research Grant Scheme (ERGS), vot number E023, Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia.

Today, a numbers of research have shown that the Mo-10Nb alloy was used as a sputtering target, which the following law must be met: (1) high purity, (2) high density; (3) high homogeneity of components and microstructure[5-6].
As can be seen from the Fig.2 (a, b), the grain size of Mo-10Nb alloy material through non-pressure technology preparation have a wide rang of distribution, a larger number of grain size is 30μm ~ 50μm, however there are a few grain size reaches 70μm.
The phenomenon of grain growth was discovered, according to the Fig.2 (a).
The grain size of Mo-10Nb alloy materials by hot pressing technology preparation have characteristics small and completely distributed, the values of grain size are within the range of 20μm ~ 30μm.
In addition, the sample by non-pressure sintering technology preparation own a large gap and a larger number of large size, resulting of lower density than samples by hot sintering method.

The grains grow up when the grains are heated, which can lead the mean grains size become larger.
Because the existence of the instauration bonds and distortion bonds at the site of the grains boundary, the energy of the GB is higher than the energy inside the grains.
So the reduction of the number of the GB can lead to the reduction of the energy of the interconnect system.
Annealing can enlarge the grains size reduce the number of GB and reduce the system energy.
As the result of the reduction of the number of GB, which is an important EM diffusion path, the EM diffusion is restrained.

Besides, the resolution process in the proximities of grain boundaries is considered in a different way, and the grain growth mechanism from a specific temperature threshold is implemented into the code.
Grain boundary gas and resolution approach The fission gas reaching the grain boundary is divided in two fractions, one of them is accumulated in the grain boundary and the other is resolved.
Grain growth implementation The grain growth mechanism has been considered in the FRAPCON-3 code, to investigate its effect on FGR results.
The expression for the limiting grain size, at which grain growth ceases, includes Ainscough and other author's data for temperatures up to 2713 K, excluding values with limiting grain size greater than 250 µm: )m()T/7620exp(101.1a 3 max µ −⋅=
The cases with high deviations in the positive range are those -120-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Relative Error (%) Number of cases -40 0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Relative Error (%) Number of cases -60-50-40-30-20-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90100 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Number of cases Relative Error (%) -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Relative Error (%) Number of caseswith final burnups near 50 GWd/tU and very low release (1-2%).

Table 3 Equations used in the model to calculate austenite grain size and final ferrite grain size.
Equation and equation number Ref
Table 4 Predicted grain austenite grain sizes during roughing.
Ferrite grain sizes at room temperature: Measured and predicted values for ferrite grain size were as follows: measured grain at web, 10 ± 2 μm and 15 ± 2 μm at flange whereas predicted values were 10.2 μm and 15.3 μm, respectively for web and flange.
Table 5 Predicted austenite grain sizes during finishing.

The more diamond grains are produced, the thinner battens of metal carbides in catalyst disc are formed.
For the different content of boron-carbon added to catalysts, the numbers of diamond grains synthesized are different.
The number of diamond grains in 1 # and 3 # samples are more than that in 2 # and 4 # samples.
The battens around the diamond grains are thinner, as shown in Figure 4a, b.
Synthetic diamond grains are embedded in the catalyst disc.

Reduction by carbon is carried out on the chromite grain surface due to the cations and anions diffusion in the oxide lattice towards the grain surface.
Reduction by carbon is carried out on the chromite grain surface due to the cation and anion diffusion in the oxide lattice towards the grain surface.
A characteristic feature of this model is the formation of reduced metal particles on the surface of chromite grains in veinlets of host rock or along grain cracks.
The rate of metal reduction, the number and size of the metal particles should be the highest in the surface layers of the ore piece.
Chemical composition of reduced metal in the ore “Voltschegorskaya” Sampling point number Element content, % wt.

Unfolding grain size to 3D 4.1.
It must be noticed that the 3D connexity number NV, which is the number of particles for a phase is constituted by grains only when grains are sufficiently regular (isomorphic to spheres, i.e. with neither holes nor torus-like parts), cannot be directly measured on 2D images and that the 2D connexity number corresponds to a 3D curvature measurement, and not to a 3D number of objects.
Similar works were conducted on particle mixtures on the basis of the variance of 2D particles number [89].
An example is connectivity, also known as coordination number.
In practice, a limited number of measurements are available and needed.

Fig.5 Different angle shot of the fracture morphology Microanalysis Took sampling in the crack source pointed by arrow of zone 1 and numbered sample 1.
Took sampling in the fatigue source that pointed by arrow of zone 2 and numbered sample 2.
If hot rolling temperature was higher and grains were coarse, mischcrystal was formed easily [4].
Grain size was so uneven that central structure had mischcrystal phenomenon
(2) Carry on normalizing to refine grains and eliminate the widmanstatten structure and mischcrystal

Since 1999 there has been a steady growth in conferences and topical workshops on nanotechnology and in parallel, comparable growth in the number of symposia on ultrafine-grained (UFG) metals.
This number compares with a total of 33 patent actions found in 2002 [5].
Ultrafine Grained Materials.
Ultrafine Grained Materials II.
Utrafine grained materials III.