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Shear modulus reduction and the two shear threshold strains Dynamic shear modulus reduction are plotted in Fig. 4.
These results are consistent with the data for noncohesive soils obtained indirectly by Hsu and Vucetic[3].
The newly obtained data in Fig. 4 are obviously in broad agreement with the previously published results by Hsu and Vucetic[3].
Comparison between the second threshold shear strain values and shear modulus reduction curves obtained confirms that the soil behavior is considerably nonlinear at.
RELATION BETWEEN SECANT SHEAR MODULUS REDUCTION AND THE TWO SHEAR THRESHOLD STRAINS Conclusions This paper carries on dynamic constitutive modelling by use of thermodynamic approach.

Up to 40% biofilm reduction was noticed with S. epidermidis and P. aeruginosa while that of S. aureus was about 30%.
In conclusion, the present data demonstrate that the development of orthodontic PMMA resin incorporated with vanillin may be a possible candidate for fabricating of oral appliance with antimicrobial property against respiratory pathogens.
Result After a 24-incubation period, the amount of vital biofilm of each bacterium was measured by the cell counting kit and data were expressed as optical density values.
Table 1 Biofilm formation of respiratory pathogens on orthodontic resin Vanillin 0% 0.1% 0.5% S. aureus 0.593+0.019 0.374+0.035* 0.387+0.016* S. epidermidis 0.690+0.022 0.689+0.021 0.390+0.021* S. pneumoniae 0.289+0.017 0.301+0.012 0.293+0.010 P. aeruginosa 2.282+0.051 1.739+0.070* 1.354+0.065* data expressed as mean optical density + SD * significant difference from control Figure 1 displays the percentages of biofilm reduction observed on vanillin incorporated groups compared with a control (resin without vanillin).
Summary The present data demonstrate that the development of orthodontic resin combined with vanillin may be a possible candidate for fabricating of oral appliance with antimicrobial property against respiratory pathogens.

First, the reduction of Mg2+ ions with NaBH4 in ethylene glycol solution and reflux at 350 - 400 °C for 3 hr and Si nanoparticles, which were prepared by magnesiothermic reduction, was conducted.
The amount of Mg and Si substances also can be calculated from XRD data as show in Table 1 compared with EDS analysit.
Regarding the magnesium that can be found, The EDS method is consistent with the amount and method used for calculation from XRD data using obtained volume fraction calculation by direct comparison method as show in Table 1.
Reduction of particle size to nanoscale has resulted in many changes.
Si was obtained by magnesiothermic reduction and Mg was prepared from NaBH4 reduction and reflux.

Barrie Johnson1g 1College of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, UK; 2Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Stilleweg 2, 30655 Hannover, Germany; 3Vale Institute of Technology, Belém, Pará, Brazil absp40e@bangor.ac.uk; bSabrina.Hedrich@bgr.de; cc.falagan@bangor.ac.uk; divan.cuevas@itv.org; ehivana@gmail.com; fb.m.grail@bangor.ac.uk; g*correspondence: d.b.johnson@bangor.ac.uk, +44 1248 382358 Key words: firmicutes; iron-oxidation; iron-reduction; novel species; sulfur oxidation.
Isolate Site of origin pH; T Country Reference SLC66T & SLC40 Weathering regolith, Salt Lake City 2.9; 25°C USA [2] GS1 Guardiana Cu mine pit lake Sediment 3.8; 23°C Spain [5] BSH1 Wetland used to remediate coal mine drainage 7.0; 14°C England unpublished ITV01 Copper mine waste stream 4.9; 32°C Brazil unpublished Gal-G1 Galways Soufriere 3.0; 80°C Montserrat (Caribbean) [6] Y002 & Y0010 Gibbon river area, Yellowstone 2.7; 30-60°C USA [7] Oxidation of ferrous iron, sulfur and pyrite, and reduction of ferric iron.
Ferric iron reduction was assessed by growing cultures in 100 mL of 5 mM fructose/10 mM ferrous iron/0.02% YE liquid medium under aerobic conditions.
Reduction of ferric iron by Acidibacillus isolates, using fructose as electron donor.
Cell numbers (solid symbols) and iron oxidation (open symbols) by SLC66 grown in 25 mM ferrous iron medium containing either 0.02% YE (▲, Δ) or 0.05% YE (■, □) The phylogenetic data show clearly that the bacterial isolates described cannot be affiliated into an existing genus of acidophilic Firmicutes, and the novel genus Acidibacillus (“acid rod”) is proposed for these isolates.

The characteristic parameters of the migration of this boundary - activation enthalpy and preexponential factor - were determined and are discussed in context of the previously obtained data.
Results and discussion The annealing of the sample promotes the reduction of the grain boundary energy via the reduction of its area.
Obtained data were analyzed assuming the migration velocity v is defined as m MF dt da v == (1) where M is the grain boundary mobility which depends on the annealing temperature T, F is the driving force and m is the exponent.
Obtained data are summarized in Table 1 and the temperature dependence of Mγ is shown in Fig. 3.
These data are comparable with those of other special grain boundaries.

This paper describes the structure and hierarchical analysis of granularity briefly, and then details the construction algorithms currently, makes an emphasis on the merits of the various construction algorithms, at the last summarizes applications in the rule extraction, attribute reduction, cluster analysis, optimization theory, neural networks and fuzzy control and other aspects.
Applications of Hierarchical Algorithm Hierarchy, having the advantages of reducing the computational complexity, is applied to rule extraction, attribute reduction, cluster analysis, optimization theory, neural networks, fuzzy control, and knowledge discovery and so on.
Attribute Reduction Granularity reduction algorithms imitate the granularity principle of human understanding for things changing, so that the knowledge representation changes from a single-level to a multi-level with all of the attributes in information system or decision-making system; correspondingly, hierarchy reduction changes from single-granularity to multi-granularity on the problem-solving.
Hierarchical attribute reduction problem is simplified by the hierarchy and has strong applications [12].
"data mining algorithm based on classification granularity", Taiyuan Univer- sity of Technology, Master Degree Thesis, (2007)

Validity of Model Fig. 2~4 compare power, torque and BSFC between simulation data and test data of original engine.
The results show that simulation dada is close to test data, maximum error is less than 5%, which can satisfy the practical needs of engineering, and model can effectively assist the following research.
l Reduction of volumetric efficiency l Reduction of effective CR, decrease of the thermal efficiency l Increase of temperature and pressure in cylinder before combustion, decreases of combustion efficiency l Obvious reduction of dynamic performance at middle and high speed It is obvious that LIVC itself cannot fully exploit latent potentialities of extended expansion gasoline engine, in order to overcoming these limitations caused by LIVC, further improving its fuel consumption and dynamic performance, the following solutions are put forward.
Reduction of volumetric efficiency caused by LIVC is a key poser when extended expansion gasoline engine is applied, turbocharging is an effective solution.
CO2-Emission Reduction by Means of Enhancing the Thermal Conversion Efficiency of ICE Cycles.

An analysis of the field traffic data shows that the phenomenon of speed transition happens frequently once occupancy reaches to the critical occupancy (30%).
Data The traffic data used for this paper was detected by microwave detectors on 2th and 3th Ring in Beijing, including traffic volume, lane occupancy, speed heavy vehicle, time, location ID and identifier ID which links the detector or station to a specific urban expressway location and direction of travel.
And all data is aggregated in 2 minutes and detected by the leftmost lane microwave detectors.
On travel, speed reduction and volume reduction will lead a portion of travelers trip to be stranded and causing congestion.
Data collection and analysis methods to support congestion management systems.

The equivalent stress-equivalent strain input data, required to perform the FE analysis, were obtained by means of axisymmetric compression tests carried out over an extended range of strain rate [7].
Results and discussion Fig. 3 shows typical hollow specimens compressed at different height reductions.
Such behavior is overturned by the data at a strain rate of 0.1 s-1, obtained by lubricating the tool-specimen interfaces, that show as the DID% is lower than 0 and decreases with increasing DH% until reaching a minimum value.
Irrespective of the height reduction and lubrication condition investigated, the DID% values at 2000 s-1 are higher than those at 0.1 s-1.
Experimental data of ring compression tests of AA7075-O, obtained using different lubrication conditions, under (a) quasi-static (0.1 s-1) and (b) dynamic (2000 s-1) loading conditions.

Thus the problem of high-dimensional data classification can be solved by first mapping the original data into a lower dimensional feature space that reflects the inherent structure of the original data and holds the useful information as much as possible by dimensionality reduction method and then applying a suitable classifier to achieve fault classification in the lower dimensional space.
The locally linear embedding (LLE) algorithm is one of such representative manifold learning methods, to tackle the nonlinear dimensionality reduction problem, which unravels the underlying data manifold in its reduced space based on the assumption that each data point and its neighbors lie on a locally linear patch of the manifold.
The underlying idea of LLE is based on the assumption that data lying on a nonlinear manifold can be viewed as distributing linearly in a local patch if the data are well sampled and lying on a smooth manifold.
Compared with other fault diagnosis methods, this method has several advantages as follows: (1)The method is on the basis of nonlinear dimensionality reduction and can treat high-dimensional nonlinear data, which avoiding “Curse of dimensionality”
The ball bearing data and rotor bed data both are used to validate the proposed approach.