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In this study, the equation to find the coefficient of elastic restraint by adjacent plate components of an orthotropic box-shape flexural member was derived by employing the energy approach, and the factors affecting the elastic restraint were briefly discussed.
In Eq. (3a, b), buckling coefficient kw and kf include the effect of mechanical properties of plates and elastically restrained boundary conditions.
Coefficient of Elastic Restraint The elastic restraint at the common junction is different from those of the restraining web and the restraining flange, because the elastic restraint is affected by the ratio of dimensions of plate components, the ratio of mechanical properties of plate components, and the ratio of stress distributions of plate components.
On the contrary, if the coefficient of elastic restraint is infinite, it means that the boundary condition is fixed. rf, rw, fρ , and wρ are main factors affecting the elastic restraint. rf and rw represent the effect of the ratio of compressive stress of the restrained plate to the restraining plate component and those values lie between zero and unity according to the width ratio of plate components.
The value of fρ and wρ include the effect of mechanical properties of a restraining plate component and buckled modes (the ratio of half-sine wave length to width of restraining plate component).

The mechanical properties and the chemical composition of the steel grades used are shown in Table 1 to 3.
Applied fillers including their mechanical properties are shown in Table 4.
Low-heat-joining of the higher strengthened steel extinguishes a bigger challenge due to the mechanical and metallurgical properties of these materials.
Table 4, with different properties in respect of: • mechanical resistance (cyclic and static) • viscosity • wetting properties • melting points These characteristics are used to investigate and improve the cyclic strength of the junction.
The energy input also caused severe disturbance of the mechanical-technological properties of the specimens with multi-layered and TIG remelted joints.

The presented analysis of basic physical properties, mechanical, hygric and thermal properties shows that basalt is an appropriate material for cement based composites for high temperature applications.
Nevertheless, not all of these three factors have necessarily to be met together.
Influence of basalt was determined by measurements of a range of properties: basic physical, mechanical, hygric and thermal properties.
Mechanical properties.
Measurement of mechanical properties is summarized in table 3.

Because of small specimen and contact relationship between wedged pressure head and wedged cuts, complex stress state is affected by many factors resulting from interface, and also by the thickness of coating.
Introduction Thermal sprayed coatings, which have excellent properties such as hardness, wear and corrosion resistance, are widely used in engineering application.
Many testing methods such as shear adhesion test, tensile adhesion test [2], and so on have been conducted to evaluate adhesion properties of coating.
Mechanical model of the specimen is shown in Fig. 2.
So the coating has good mechanical properties.

From the observation, the stress intensity factors and the fracture toughness values were calculated.
Results obtained from the two methods were compared and analyzed by the stress intensity factors and the fracture toughness values.
Table 1 shows the mechanical properties and the optical constant.
The stress intensity factors were obtained by substituting D ,and D, Dlmin and Dlmax in equations (2) and (3) below.
(4) There were both vertical and parallel stresses affecting on crack tip under unequal biaxial stress.

The predicted plastic deformation behavior of the workpiece material during ECMAP of route A, route B and route C with a theoretical total strain of ~2.2 upon a single pass at three different friction factors (m=0, 0.1 and 0.2) was compared.
Because the evolution of microstructures and the mechanical properties of the severely plastic deformed material are directly related to the history of plastic deformation, the understanding of the phenomena associated with stress, strain and strain rate developments is very important to the development of the ECAP process and to understanding the processed materials.
Table 1 includes mechanical and thermal properties of AZ-31 alloy from references [17-19].
Friction factors (m) between die (ram and channel inner) walls and workpiece walls were set to 0 (frictionless sliding), 0.1 and 0.2.
In the finite volume spaces, grid nodes were deformed in each space and the solver calculates effective strain, stress and the other properties by the relationships between the force and displacement of nodes of the finite volume space.

Table1 Mechanical properties of fiber cement sheets [5].
Table2 Mechanical properties of EPS foam [7].
Table 3 Mechanical properties of GFRP sheets [9].
Poly Foam Industries Company Limited, THAILAND (2010) [7] The mechanical properties of the foam.
Chem Limited Partnership, Bangkok, Thailand (2010) [9] The mechanical properties of fiber glass related products.

Individual radiation doses caused structural and micro-mechanical changes which have a significant effect on the final properties of the LDPE tested.
The highest values of micro-mechanical properties were reached at radiation dose of 66 and 99 kGy, when the micro-hardness values increased by about 21%. 
The factors affecting the changes of polyethylene by irradiation are the molecular weight distribution, branching, degree of unsaturation, and morphology. [1-2] The aim of this paper is to study the effect of ionizing radiation with different doses, on micro-mechanical properties of polyethylene and compare these results with those of non-irradiated samples.
Cross-linking occurs in the remaining non-crystalline part which has a significant influence on the micro-mechanical properties of the surface layer.
Conclusion The article is the assessment of mechanical properties (micro-hardness) of modified LDPE by β – radiation with doses of 33, 66 and 99 kGy.

In the alloy system, Oxygen and Nitrogen contents, micro-alloyed elements (C, Mn) and its mixture ratio are the key factors that affect the deposited metals toughness.
For the integrity of the joint, the properties of the weldmetal should be matched with that of the base metal.
Main factor that affects the toughness of the SAW weldmetal is the microstructure formed during the welding.
Experimental results Typical chemical composition of the deposited metals by experimental SAW wire is shown in table 1, the mechanical properties and toughness is shown in table 2.
Table 2 Room temperature mechanical properties and toughness of the deposited metals No. σs/ (MPa) σb/ (MPa) δ /(%) ψ /(%) AKV -10°C/ (J) 12 559 626 25 75 123 21 640 653 21 68 141 22 631 653 21 66 127 23 586 654 23 70 144 Fig.1 Typical microstructure (AF and BGF) Fig.2 Relation of the proportion of AF and of the deposited metal toughness of deposited metal Effects of Pcm on the microstructure and property of the deposited metal.

This part is very fragile and needs to be sintered to achieve its final mechanical, chemical and dimensional properties.
The final properties of the product can be further improved with mechanical, chemical and heat treatments.
Fig. 1 shows a physical model indicating the influences of the controlled and non-controlled factors.
A more accurate mathematical model of the influence exerted by the processing parameters on shape and mechanical properties of a product will be elaborated by means of genetic programming.
[7] I.E.S.Thian, N.H.Loh, K.A.Khor, S.B.Tor, Microstructures and mechanical properties of powder injection moulded Ti-6Al-4V/HA powder.