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[5] Arayapranee, W. and Rampel G.L. : International Journal of Materials & Structure Reliability.Vol. 5 (2007), p. 1-12
Ismail, H. : Journal of Applied Polymer Science.
R. : Materials & Design.
[15] Noriman, N.Z., Ismail, H., and Rashid, A.A. : Journal of Applied Polymer Science.
S. : Materials & Design.

Progress in Polymer Science Vol. 24 (1999) p. 221-274 [2] P.
Composites Science and Technology Vol. 67 (2007) p. 462-470 [5] T.
Chemical Engineering Journal 2011, 166: 1170-1178 [8] H.
Micromechanical analysis of coupling between anisotropic damage and friction in quasi brittle materials: Role of the homogenization scheme.
International Journal of Solids and Structures Vol. 45 (2008) p. 1385–1405

Study on Morphologies and Structures of Ceramic Coating Prepared by Micro-Arc Oxidation on TC4 Alloy Chaoshi Qiana，Pengfei Lib，Liang Liu，Feng Guo，Ya Ya College of Materials Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Huhhot, China aqianchaoshi@163.com，bli_pf@imut.edu.cn Key words: Ceramic Coating; Micro-Arc Oxidation; TC4; Electrolyte Abstract: In this work, the effects of concentration and mixture ratio of Ca(CH3COO)2·H2O and Na5P3O10 in electrolyte on surface morphology, surface content and atomic ratio of calcium and phosphorus elements, and phase structure of ceramic coating prepared by micro-arc oxidation (MAO) on TC4 titanium alloy were studied, a suitable formula of electrolyte for bio-modification of titanium by MAO was obtained, Ca(CH3COO)2·H2O 20 g/L and Na5P3O10 9.3 g/L.
Introduction Titanium and its alloy have become important medical materials for the human body hard organization to repair and/or replace, because they provides smaller elastic modulus close to the bone tissue of body, good chemical stability, corrosion resistance, and excellent biological compatibility, in addition to relatively low costs for fabrication[1-3].
The hydroxyapatite (HA) is an inorganic material which can be chemically connected with the bone tissue. it has been thought as the best bioceramics in biological compatibility at present[4].The hydroxyapatite coating can be deposited directly on the surface of titanium alloy through such processes as laser melting or sol-gel method，but theses hydroxyapatite decompose easily and integraty with the substrate is poor.
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Ouyang: Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology Vol. 12(2001), p. 13-16
Chen: Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology Vol. 154(2008), p. 42-46
Zhao: Wood Resource Materials Science.
Li: Biomass Composite Materials.
Li: Wood Science.

The importance of controlling the oxidation state is clearly evident in both the cuprate superconductors and manganate CMR materials [5,6].
Experimental Commercially available materials La2O3 (Aldrich ³ 99.9%), PbO (Merck, ³ 99%), CuO, ZnO (Merck, ³ 99%), Rh (Althaca 99.95%) were utilized in the synthesis.
Samata, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 350 (2003) 24-29
Fukunaga, Materials Science and Engineering B 41 (1996) 59-62
Kamegashira, Materials Research Bulletin, 39 (2004) 375-388

Ahmad, Numerical Simulation of Casting Solidification in Permanent Metallic Molds, Journal Of Materials Processing Technology. 178 (2006) 29-33
Bandyopadhyay, A Study on Solidification of Large Iron Casting in a Thin Water Cooled Copper Mould, Materials Today: Proceedings. 5 (2018) 4149-4155
Katgerman, Modelling of Defects in Aluminium Cast Products, Progress In Materials Science. 123 (2022) 100824
Zhuang, Recent Advances in Hot Tearing During Casting of Aluminium Alloys, Progress in Materials Science. 117 (2021) 100741
Birru, Effect of Pouring Temperature on Hot Tearing Susceptibility of Al-Cu Cast Alloy: Casting Simulation, Materials Today: Proceedings. 47 (2021) 7086-7090

These chemical materials usually contain free formaldehyde or slowly release free formaldehyde.
So considering the influence of the restriction, the materials such as tanning agents and finishing agents containing lower free formaldehyde should be chosen.
Experimental Materials and Machines.
Chinese Journal of Diagnostic Pathology, 2003, 10（1）: 62
Journal of Anhui University of Technology(Natural Science, 2007, 24（1）:39~42

Electrical and magnetic materials, ribbons for transformer cores, tool steels and bearing materials are numerous applications for rapidly solidified alloys by melt spinning [2].
Jones, et al., Materials Science and Engineering A, 11-19 304 (2001)
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Phanikumar, Material Science forum (to be published) [9] R.V.S.
Phanikumar, Journal of Material Science 44, 2553 (2009) [10] Li.Changping, Solidification Process in melt spun Nd-Fe-B type Magnets, M.S thesis

Paleocrassas, Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 211 (2011) 95-102
Fras, Materials Science and Engineering A. 447 (2007) 197-208
Yakou, Materials Science and Engineering A. 338 (2002) 44-53
Journal of Materials Processing Technology 209 (2009) 5475–5480
Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Advanced Materials for Science and Engineering IEEE-ICAMSE 2016 - Meen, Prior & Lam (Eds) 151-154.

Introduction Empty Palm Oil Fruit Bunches (EPOFB) represent a significant biomass resource that can be transformed into valuable carbon materials, including graphite [1].
Based on these findings, acid pre-treatment is crucial for enhancing the conversion of biomass into carbon materials.
This finding underscores the importance of acid pre-treatment in optimizing the preparation of biomass-derived carbon materials for advanced applications.
The IG/ID ratio is a crucial parameter in evaluating the graphitic content and structural quality of carbon materials.
This work is also supported by Universitas Indonesia; Nanyang Technological University Singapura; Research Center for Advanced Materials, National Research and Innovation Agency Science and Technology; and Politeknik Negeri Jakarta.