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Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2001, 37(11): 1-6
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Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2011, 47(20): 69-74
Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2012, 48(18): 192-198
Prediction of Metal Structure Fatigue Life of Bridge and Gantry Crane in Service [J].China Safety Science Journal, 2010, 20(2): 95-99.

Acknowledgment This work is partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China（No.10926072）to M. li; National Natural Science Foundation of China（No.60907041）to M. hao; CSTG2007BB2448, 4385,4391 to Y.
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Journal of Southeast University (English Edition), 2008,24(4):487-491 [6].
JOURNAL OF NATIONAL UNWEESITY OF DEFENSE TECHNOLOGY.2007,29(1):131-13(in Chinese)

Most cold forging die insert materials are powder sintered tungsten steel materials, which can hardly bear the circumferential tension and stress that the die insert longitudinal fracture is easily caused.
Vazquez et al. [1,2] compared cold forging dies between tungsten steel inserting the die and separating the inserted die with the finite element software DEFORM and the effects of materials on the die service life in 2000, intending to look for the best approach to enhance the die service life.
Fig. 1 shows the 6 stages for hexagon flange nuts, including the working of die, punch, and forging workpiece and the relative positions (Fig. 2); and, the materials and characteristics are described as below (Table 1).
Altan, Tool life in cold forging–example of design improvement to increase service life, Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 98 (2000) 90-96
Shih, Wear Analysis of Forging Die for Long Hex Flange Nuts, Advances in Materials Science and Engineering.

Introduction White layer may occur on ground surfaces in grinding processes of some Fe-based difficult-to-cut materials.
The hardness of white layer was much harder than the dark layer and bulk material, and the dark layer was softer than the bulk material.
Hashimoto: CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology Vol. 2 (2010), pp: 129-134
Hamrol: Journal of Materials Processing Technology Vol. 133 (2003), pp: 21-25
Dai: Journal of Hunan University Vol. 37 (2010), pp: 35-40

Grandini: Materials Science and Engineering C Vol. 34 (2014), p. 354
Caram: Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials Vol. 32 (2014), p. 31
Nakano: Materials Science and Engineering: C Vol. 31 (2011), p. 1436
Semiatin: Materials Science and Engineering A Vol. 243 (1998), p. 46
Grandini: Materials Science and Engineering: A Vol. 528 (2011), p. 3326

Nogi, Tensile properties and fracture locations of friction-stir-welded joints of 2017-T351 aluminum alloy, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 142 (2003) 692–696
Huber, Asymmetric mechanical properties and tensile behavior prediction of aluminium alloy 5083 friction stir welding joints, Materials Science & Engineering A 565 (2013) 44–50 [5].
Mishra, and Z.Y.Ma,Friction stir welding and processing, Materials Science and Engineering R (2005)50 1–78
Zhou, Tensile properties and strain-hardening behavior of double-sided arc welded and friction stir welded AZ31B magnesium alloy, Materials Science and Engineering A 527 (2010) 2951–2961 [8].
Ikeda, Hall_/Petch relationship in friction stir welds of equal channel angular-pressed aluminum alloys, Materials Science and Engineering A354 (2003) 298-/305 [9].

Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials. 27 (2009) 288–299
Journal of RefractoryMetals & Hard Materials. 20 (2002) 23–30
Journal of Materials Science. 54 1 (2019) 83–107
Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials. 28 (2010) 523–528
Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials. 27 1 (2009) 101-104

Materials Science and Engineering: B, 273, 115440
ACS Applied Energy Materials, 2(4), 2870–2877
Journal of Science: Advanced Materials and Devices
Recent progress of graphene-based photoelectrode materials for dye-sensitized solar cells.
Journal of Hazardous Materials, 279, 96–104

Formation of deformation twins and shear bands are responsible for the structure refinement in materials with low stacking fault energies (SFEs) such as austenitic steel.
It is the only technology that enables conventional macro-grained materials to be directly transformed into submicrometer and nanoscale materials.
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As one of the important elements in fashion design, color, together with materials, shapes and patterns, has become a kind of sentiment and image, which can respond to consumers’ brains in the form of vision and later form the psychological effect.
(table2) 36.7% participants are majored in design, 16.5% in science, and the rest of them in art, finance, literature and history etc.
Consumers majored in art prefer grey and black, while consumers majored in science prefer solid color and blue.
Therefore when using color, designers must consider consumers’ emotional association caused by color, material, quality and shape.
Ben, David Eran Chajut, Daniel Algom: Research Publishing Scientific,Vol.7(2012),P. 537-541 [9] Cecilia Fredriksson: Culture Unbound:Journal of Current Cultural Research, Vol.(3)2011,P.43-54 [10] I.A.