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There are some grains with very low internal grain misorientation (in blue as indicated in Fig. 5(a)) and these grains are likely to be recrystallized grains in the midst of the deformed grains.
(b) (a) Fig. 8 (a) EBSD IPF map at the non-isothermal heating zone and (b) fraction of different grain diameters However, from the internal grain misorientation measurements, as seen from Fig. 9(a), only a few grains located near the larger grains have low internal misorientation, which indicates that they were possibly recrystallized grains.
The other larger equiaxed grains though have larger internal misorientation indicative of strain within the grains.
Dynamic recovery occurred during deformation and produced a large number of low angle grain boundaries within the grains.
These recrystallized grains were identified with having very low internal misorientation unlike the deformed grains.

Introduction At present, the earth experiences a large number of earthquakes every year, causing huge damage to human life and property.
The grain size of ferrite was coarse, with some hybrid crystal phenomena, and the average grain size was only 5.0.
This was due to the relatively low reddening temperature after the roll, which increases the cooling rate of the sample, and the fact that the grains were too late to grow, and therefore more fine grains were obtained.
The internal structure of rolled 1 # steel contains a large number of mixed crystals, and normalization at different temperatures will still lower the overall mechanical properties of the material.
The grain sizes were 8.0-8.5 grades, respectively.

CA cell size [μm] Number of crystallographic orientations 50 52 Volume nucleation Surface nucleation ∆TN [°C] ∆Tσ [°C] nmax [m-3] ∆TN [°C] ∆Tσ [°C] nmax [m-2] 5.0 1.0 3.0*108 1.0 0.1 5.2*106 Results and Discussion In order to obtain better quality castings, the continuous casting process parameters must be adequately controlled.
Quantitative comparison of grain size for various casting speeds.
As the pouring temperature increases, the grain size of the middle columnar grain gradually becomes bigger, staying in the range of 300 to 600 µm.
The zinc content thus affects the grain size.
The same trend is shown by a quantitative comparison of grain size, as shown in Fig. 12; the grain size is in the range of 100 to 200 µm.

The prior austenite grain size ranged between 50 ~ 60 μm as measured by linear intercept method.
Irrespective to the treatment duration, constant grain size was referred to the thermally stable carbides found along the austenite grain boundaries inhibiting the growth of austenite grains [5].
Fig. 9 shows the effect of increasing the ageing time on the mean grain size.
The influence of different aging times on average grain size.
Acknowledgments This work was supported by the National Science, Technology and Innovation Plan (NSTIP) strategic technologies program, within the project number (08-ADV-209-02) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Lifetime was defined by number of power cycles needed to cause open circuit.
The selectively occurring damage is attributable to variations in dislocation activity from grain to grain due to effects of crystal orientation and grain size.
EBSD showed that grains that preferentially grew could be traced back to certain grains in the original microstructure, suggesting that recrystallization did not take place.
EBSD maps show changes in grain size and orientation.
The process was consistent with variations in dislocation activity from grain to grain.

During procedure and heat treatment of magnesite in shaft and rotary furnaces, a great number of fine fractions are generated.
A large number of fine-grained materials or dust particles with very good chemical composition are formed during the extraction and heat treatment of magnesite.
· In SF, the fine-grained material is in the fluidized state less intensively.
In the product mechanical separation, the grain size fractions with different loss on ignition can be obtained Conclusion The development of microfluid furnace was based on the knowledge gained from the laboratory experiments and physical modelling of the processes of fine-grained material treatment in a microfuild furnace.
The microfliud furnace current research is focused on the fine-grained material thermal treatment in the magnesite extraction and processing.

The maximum likely holding depth (number of pieces in process at once) has to be anticipated in the layout and in the table drive zoning.
Generating strength through grain refinement relies on sufficiency of strain, and since the grain size in a transformed phase is strongly dependent on the grain size of its precursor, sufficiency of austenite strain is a prerequisite for a fine-grained final product.
The plate mill variant is only just appearing, for a number of reasons.
With a number of collected data the neural network can be retrained and thus improved even more in precision.
There are a number of aspects to achieving the correct microstructure, which combine to define the processing path required for a product.

In this work we developed a multiscale Coarse Grain (CG) model of an entire MT up to 180 nm long, by integrating information from MD and NMA molecular modelling.
The Block Normal Mode (BNM) analysis [9], represents a suitable solution for molecular systems characterized by a number of residues higher than 100,000.
Following the BNM approach a Coarse Grain (CG) model of the whole MT represented as an ENM was developed.
In order to study the dependency of the MT mechanical properties on the MT length, a number of MTs were built with lengths ranging from 80 to 180 nm.
[12] Archipov A., Freddolino P., Imada K., Namba K., and Schulten K., in: Coarse-Grained Molecular Simulations of a Rotating Bacterial Flagellum, Biophys.

To this end, large grained material was examined using EBSD (Electron Back Scattering Diffraction) in order to determine the relative crystalline orientations of the grains.
The SIMS technique is known to be sensitive to iodine but there are a number of issues that require being solved before the effect of temperature or oxygen potential may be quantitatively determined.
Comparison of depth profiles prior to and following annealing is possible since depth profiles are characterised under identical primary beam conditions and also because the analysed area corresponds to a statistically representative number of grains.
The EBSD cartography of the Cr-doped sample used for the analysis is reported in fig. 2a: each colour corresponds to a given grain orientation (i.e. direction of the grain normal vector).
ü Cr-doped sample analysis appears to indicate that the grain dependent sputtering rates are correlated to grain orientations.

The ultrafine grained (UFG) pure Cu thermal stability temperature decrease to 165-170 °C [3].
Such process take place by grain size (GS) decrease as well as dislocation density increase by passes number increase at equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP).
The heat treated samples number for all testing’s was at least three. 2.2.
The challenge of the science of tribology is materials with nano-columns inside the ultrafine grains as a result of extreme grain refinement by severe plastic deformation methods.
Ultrafine Grained Materials III.