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Additionally to the global stress determination, we propose a local grain by grain stress study.
Micro-stresses in electrolyte grains.
Measurements have been performed in ten grains of each sample.
Unfortunately, the low number of measurements does not allow statistical analysis and highlighting a systematical relationship between heterogeneity and grain orientation could not be achieved.
Further investigations with measurements on a large number of grains would allow a statistical analysis between stress and grain orientation.

The sizes of the grains within the recrystallization organizations were gradually diminished as the cold rolling reduction increased.
Fig. 1 Optical micrographs of annealed samples of Ti+P-IF steel in cross cold rolled reductions Due to the perpendicular between the directions of cold rolling and hot rolling, the part cold deformation can be used to offset the original grain boundaries and dislocations, reduce the stored deformation energy so as to reduce driving force of the grain nucleation and growth, therefore, the grain size of recrystallization and annealing become smaller.
Fig.2 is TEM morphology of samples of Ti+P-IF steel in different cross cold rolled reductions, it shows that with the increase of the deformation, the organization significantly enhanced. 30% down, appear grain size in the crystal and dislocation density is low, there are a lot of second phase particle distribution among grain boundary. 50% down rate, grain size of the crystals grow in quantity, dislocation density increases;the inhomogeneity of deformation cell increased, grain boundary more twists and turns; there are a lot of second phase particle distribution among grain boundary. 70% down rate, grain refinement is obvious, the difference between the crystal orientation increases, the deformation inhomogeneity enhance. 90% down rate, grain refining it, there is a large number of irregular shape of the second phase particle distribution are gathered.
With the increasing cross cold rolling reduction, the second phase particles after annealing were mainly separated along the grain boundary, and then grew up or made an arrangement in directivity through the removing of the grain boundary.
These grains after annealing distributed in cluster ultimately.

Hence, virtually all positrons thermalized inside grains diffuse to grain interfaces and are trapped at open volume defects there.
Because of smaller size of Cr atoms, the lifetime of trapped positron increases with increasing number of Cr neighbors surrounding the trap.
Hence, Cr cations scavenging electrons should be located at grain boundaries.
This appears due to Cr cations segregated at grain boundaries.
Bečvář: Application of Maximum-Likelihood Method to Decomposition of Positron-Lifetime Spectra to Finite Number of Components, Mater.

The CR series has finer grains in comparison to the Untreated series.
Nitriding at 700 oC coarsened grains of CP titanium and average grain size of the CR+N700 series was 24 μm.
On the basis of the EBSD analysis, normal grain growth with recovery occurred in the cold rolled CP titanium during the nitriding process because each grain boundary had equivalent degree of mobility in the highly strained materials [9], resulting in the formation of recrystallized texture with fine grains in the CR+N600 series.
This was because the cold rolling refined grains of CP titanium.
Acknowledgement The authors would like to thank for Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B) (JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 24760090).

For single pass the general form of the shear strain is given by [17]: , so that (7) where N is the number of passes.
The microhardness profile across the HPT disk for various numbers of turns is shown in Fig 6c.
By contrast, the grains at the edge are clear and grain interiors are almost dislocation free.
Both within and outside of these zones, the Al matrix grains were equiaxed with well-defined grain boundaries.
This suggests that the Si particles assist in grain refinement in the Al–7% Si alloy by pinning the grain boundaries and inhibiting grain boundary migration.

In the machining process, as the silicon grains in the alloy affect tool wear greatly, the tool materials should have high performance.
Then, the silicon grain contacted with the tool tip.
Additionally, the rigid silicon grains in hardened layer can also induce micro breakage on the cutting edge.
Contrasted with cutting common metals, the hard silicon grains in the Si-Al alloys make the friction between the workpiece and the clearance face worse.
The micro pectinate grooves on the clearance face were mechanical wear produced by silicon grains and other hard grains in Si-Al alloy.

Evaluation of the Tensile Modulus of Elasticity in Parallel Direction to the Grain for Eucalyptus grandis Wood Specie André L.
Were used twelve specimens of Eucalyptus grandis wood species, tested in tensile parallel to the grain according to the assumptions of the Brazilian standard ABNT NBR 7190:1997.
Thus, by electing a finite number of forces and displacements results from the experiments, the modulus of elasticity of this methodology will adjust this set of unique way, resulting in more reliable modules since the number of sampling points increases.
Results and Discussion Table 1 shows the results of the tensile modulus of elasticity (MPa) n parallel direction to the grain of Eucalyptus grandis wood specie, with the sample mean (), SD the standard deviation and Cv the variation coefficient.
The results of the P-value of the Student-Newman-Keuls test was equal to 0.5618, revealing that no significant differences between the tensile modulus of elasticity in parallel direction to the grain obtained in both forms of calculation (P-value> 0.05 ).

In addition, the final texture in the microstructure depends strongly on the number of template particles [4].
Randomly-oriented polycrystalline KSN ceramics show inferior electrical properties compared to KSN single crystals due to abnormal grain growth that inhibits densification [9], limited number of polarization directions [8] and averaging of electrical properties.
There are limited number of results on textured KSN ceramics.
A duplex microstructure consisting of mm-sized grains together with smaller grains develops in the N1-T0 (Fig. 5a).
Template particles controlled matrix grain growth and, therefore, no cracking or abnormal grain growth were observed in the samples textured by TGG.

This definition again implicitly assumes uniformity in the overall grain size distribution.
Sequeira and Dunlop [1] and Rodrigo et al. [6] defined the skin as the region outside the mean hardness number across the specimen's thickness.
After testing the coordinates of the indentation points and hardness numbers were profiled into a 3D hardness surface map using a commercial software package (Surfer).
Figure 2a shows the fine grain structure that prevails along the surface.
The grains structure, however, is not fully uniform, as shown by the mixture of fine and large grains, Fig. 2b, and the presence of occasional microporosity, Fig. 2c.

Grain size distribution under different magnetic field condition According to the grain size processing method [8], the paper has made statistical analysis of grain size distribution in the square area of 10mm×10mm in the central equiaxed crystal zone, the relation between grain quantity in 10 mm×10mm area and current density is shown in figure 3.
When the current density is 40A, the average number per square millimeter is 0.22 A/mm2 in the center equiaxed grain zone, while the current density is 100A, the average number per square millimeter is 0.88 mm2 in the center equiaxed grain zone.
By comparing the macrostructure of different specimen with the normal grain size distribution, the grain grade index is shown in table 3.
Table 3 shows that the grain size level becomes higher with the magnetic flux density increasing.
Conclusions (1) The static magnetic field can inhibit the growth of columnar crystals and promote the growth of equiaxed grain; the grain refining effect will become better with the stronger static magnetic flux density