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The attraction of the BEM can be largely attributed to the reduction in the dimensionality of the problem; for two-dimensional problems, only the line-boundary of the domain needs to be discretized into elements, and for three-dimensional problems only the surface of the domain needs to be discretized.
This means that, compared to finite-element domain-type analysis, a boundary analysis results in a substantial reduction in data preparation.
Data in Figure 9 are normalized with respect to the J value for a crack in a infinite homogenous plate under plane strain condition, ¿n = R^Àc ½j⁄ .
In other to compare with other results, data in Figure 10 is presented in terms of normalized stress intensity factors, ÌÍ Ìn⁄ , where Ìn = R√Àc.

It is now common to see µCT images of scaffolds in the literature, but is not common to see quantitative data on the pore networks obtained from the images.
Many authors rely on percentage porosity data, i.e.
A 2D slice of smoothed (thresholded) reconstructed raw data is shown in Fig. 4a, in which interconnects between the pores (black) between the scaffold walls (light grey) are visible.
Step by step process of the quantification of 3D pore networks from µCT data.
This is not necessarily due to a reduction in pore size, but rather by further condensation of the silica network.

According to the survey carried out during 2010-2011, the gross weight of municipal solid waste generated is approximately 1,634,105 tons per year (unpublished data) [16].
Data are currently not available to estimate the actual annual amount of hazardous waste generated today.
Data are not available in respect to the healthcare waste generation in private hospitals.
Data collection is very essential in any entity such as making policy decisions.
[16] Central Environmental Authority, Survey on Municipal Solid Waste in Sri Lanka, 2010-2011 l2(Unpublished data)

The Atterberg limits tests show a reduction in plasticity index and an decrease in liquid limit with the addition of these stabilizers.
Data Sample Values for Various Tests Adding 0% to 20% Stabilizers SL.NO’s 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 1 Liquid Limit % 78 72 65 54 42 2 Plastic Limit % 32 28 26 22 17 3 Plasticity Index % 46 44 39 32 25 4 OMC % 12 12 11 10 10 5 MDD (γd)max g/cc 1.79 1.84 1.88 1.95 1.92 6 Cohesion kPa 80 95 105 126 118 7 Angle of Internal Friction ‘φ’ 6 13 16 18 22 5.

They carried out an experimental design and determined the optimum parameters’ levels by using a Taguchi orthogonal array (L9) and the S/N ratio; also in this case, build orientation was found to be significant for the reduction of the dimensional deviation.
A datum alignment with 10 iterations of the upper surface of the specimen was used to accurately align the models to: i) assess the deviations map; ii) identify the coordinates of 3 points on the middle plane necessary to calculate the bending angle; iii) evaluate the flatness tolerance of the top surface; iv) evaluate the torsion angle of the specimen by considering the values at the two cross-sections in the middle of the grip sections.
Series Bending angle [°] Maximum deviation [mm] Torsion angle [°] Flatness deviation [mm] Thickness [mm] F 0° 1.127±0.112 0.342±0.017 0.012±0.001 0.887±0.071 3.08±0.012 F 45° 0.612±0.055 0.262±0.011 0.252±0.012 0.572±0.069 3.05±0.009 F 90° 0.512±0.052 0.195±0.009 0.065±0.003 0.445±0.011 3.09±0.011 E 0° 0.075±0.018 0.056±0.181 0.174±0.075 0.172±0.009 3.12±0.025 E 45° 0.265±0.024 0.150±0.011 0.490±0.020 0.286±0.019 3.03±0.040 E 90° 0.003±0.002 0.110±0.020 0.473±0.038 0.204±0.021 2.97±0.008 U 0° 0.3618±0.031 0.444±0.041 3.420±0.221 0.939±0.088 3.17±0.085 U 45° 0.4326±0.035 0.545±0.030 2.382±0.251 0.584±0.061 3.27±0.110 U 90° 0.324±0.040 0.790±0.085 2.826±0.340 0.937±0.101 3.17±0.080 Gage R&R method [22] has been used to control and judge the measurement process in order to determine which sources are responsible for the variation of the measurement data.
After obtaining the original experimental data, signal-to-noise ratio can be computed for BA, MD, TR, FD and T.

This datum has to be considered in a comprehensive approach.
Data of ITACA – ITalian ACcelerometric Archive were used (see http://itaca.mi.ingv.it/ItacaNet/) and 8 earthquakes of 2009 sequence were selected starting from L'Aquila Earthquake Mainshock.
In order to control this not general result, in the range of “Area Omogenea 5”, two different attenuation relationships, (S-P) [4], and (Z-M) [5] are considered, based on Italian earthquake data for local magnitude and epicentral distance similar to that of the present paper.
A Procedure for Urban Risk Assessment and Reduction A particular relevance assumes the analysis of urban seismic vulnerability; such kind of analysis has been developed in the past by the Authors.

Cost reduction for Ti alloys can derive from the use of cheaper alloying elements as well as the use of alternative manufacturing techniques.
The data of the Vickers hardness measurements are shown in Figure 5 where it can be seen that pure Ti and the Ti-2.5Cu alloys have similar values but the Ti-5Mn samples have higher hardness.

Thus, there is a need for a suitable selection of nanofillers that provide optimal mechanical properties while minimize tensile strength reduction.
Even if debonded from matrix, platelets still continues to bridge the crack, causing crack blunting and reduction in the local stress intensity.
Uncoated platelets can easily debond from the matrix causing crack blunting and reduction in the local stress intensity.
However, they observed significant data variations on the samples with rod-shape particles in comparison with that of the samples with platelet-shape particles.
Moreover, these authors observed that impact strength of spherical Al2O3 epoxy composites increases with size reduction of particles.

is measured density obtained using Archimedes method and is the theoretical density of samples obtained from XRD data.
To obtain the crystal structure information of all the samples, further analysis was done by performing Rietveld refinements on the XRD data using Fullprof software.
The previously reported data [18] were used to calculate the initial parameters of the parent compound.
Table 6 DC electrical conductivity data of Ca1-xSrxMnO3 (x = 0.00; 0.05; 0.10; 0.15; 0.20).
Table 7 Thermoelectric power data of Ca1-xSrxMnO3 (x = 0.00; 0.05; 0.10; 0.15; 0.20) at 303K and 330K.

Recent Advances in the Bioactivities and Structural Analysis of Chondroitin Sulfate Shuangli Xionga, Anlin Lib, Ni Huangc College of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, 621010, Mianyang, Sichuan Province, China a lxberry225@yahoo.com.cn, b lianlin@swust.edu.cn, chuangni@swust.edu.cn Keywords: Chondroitin sulfate, bioactivity, structure analysis, spectrum Abstract: Recent research data on chondroitin sulfate have suggested that they have many new biological functions such as anti-atherogenesis, anticoagulation, prevention and cure of arthritis, protection and repair of neuron during CNS development, morphogenesis and cell division.
Owing to glucosidic bond which is consecutive to uronic acid is difficult to be hydrolyzed by acid and hydrolyzed uronic acid is easy to form lactone, uronic acid is determined and identified by GC analysis after reduction of carboxy group in uronic acid by 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethyllaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), aldoononitrile acetates deviation.