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The number, size, shape and distribution of γ´ phase affect the using performance of the alloy.
Some carbide particles precipitated in the grain.
There is no primary γ´ phase in grain boundaries also.
Numbers of fine tertiary γ´ phases distribute around the secondary γ´ phases.
The number of γ´ phases of FGH95, FGH97, FGH98 are higher than FGH95, can ensure the strength of the materials[5].

CA cell size [μm] Number of crystallographic orientations 50 52 Volume nucleation Surface nucleation ∆TN [°C] ∆Tσ [°C] nmax [m-3] ∆TN [°C] ∆Tσ [°C] nmax [m-2] 5.0 1.0 3.0*108 1.0 0.1 5.2*106 Results and Discussion In order to obtain better quality castings, the continuous casting process parameters must be adequately controlled.
Quantitative comparison of grain size for various casting speeds.
As the pouring temperature increases, the grain size of the middle columnar grain gradually becomes bigger, staying in the range of 300 to 600 µm.
The zinc content thus affects the grain size.
The same trend is shown by a quantitative comparison of grain size, as shown in Fig. 12; the grain size is in the range of 100 to 200 µm.

Electrochemical Characterization of Supercapacitor Electrodes Prepared by Activation of Green Monoliths Consist of Self-Adhesive Carbon Grains and Lignin Roslinda Zulkifli1,2,a*, Mohamad Deraman2,b, Rusli Daik1,c, Maria Muhammad Ishak2,d, Najah Syahirah Mohd Nor2,e, Mohamad Redwani Mohd Jasni2,f, Sepideh Soltaninejad1,2,g and Mohd Suleman2,h 1School of Chemical Science and Food Technology/2School of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia *Corresponding Author: alindatyco@yahoo.com bmadra@ukm.edu.my/bmderaman113@gmail.com, crusli@ukm.edu.my, dmaria.ishak86@gmail.com, enajahsyahirah@siswa.ukm.edu.my, fmohamadredwani@gmail.com, gsepidehsoltaninejad2012@gmail.com, hmdslmn@gmail.com Keywords: Self-adhesive carbon grains, Activated carbon monoliths, Lignin, Supercapacitor electrode.
Abstract: Self-adhesive carbon grains (SACGs) and lignin were produced from fibres of oil palm empty fruit bunches by a low carbonization temperature and chemical treatment methods, respectively.
This report demonstrates the effect of lignin addition to green monoliths (GMs) of self-adhesive carbon grains (SACGs) on the performance of supercapacitor cells fabricated using the electrodes prepared from the GMs.
It can be noticed that of all the electrodes, the ACM05 electrodes based cell offers maximum charge and discharge times which can be accounted for the higher number of electrons and electrolyte ions participating in the charge and discharge processes.
Ismail, Young modulus of carbon from self- adhesive carbon grain of oil palm bunches, J.

Introduction As the demand for cost reduction of titanium alloys increases, a considerable number of studies have recently been made on design of low cost titanium alloy.
) Si Content (wt.%) colony size grain size Thickness of a platelets (?
Journal Title and Volume Number (to be inserted by the publisher) The tensile properties of Ti-6Al-4Fe-xSi alloy at room temperature and elevated temperature are shown in Fig. 4.
As the silicon was added to the Ti-Al-Fe-Si system alloys, the grain size became refined.
Journal Title and Volume Number (to be inserted by the publisher) 1229

The nucleation model assumes that the grain density grows continuously with increasing undercooling.
The density of new grains at a given undercooling is given as follows: (7) ( ) * * S S L L L L S 1n C C C C V C k D D x y x y    ∂ ∂  ∂ ∂ − = + − +     ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂     * * S LC kC= * EQ * L L 0 L ( ) ( , ) T T C C m fΓκ ϕ θ = + − − 2 max 2 ( ) d exp d( ) 2( ) 2π N n T T n T T T σσ   ∆ − ∆ = −  ∆ ∆ ∆   (8) After the number of new grains in each time step is calculated, the location of these new grains is chosen randomly from among the remaining liquid cells.
EBSD technique is an effective method to reveal crystallographic structures and grain size.
The comparison of average grain size between experiment and simulation results is shown in Fig. 7.
They were in good agreement on grain size.

Deformation of Al by the multi-axial compression leads to grain refinement to ultra-fine grains (UFGs) and improvement in strength properties.
The sample in Fig. 4a shows the fragments of original grains and a few fine grains.
This sample had the highest homogeneous grain structure, as well as highest fraction of high angle grain boundaries (Fig.4d).
Most of the grain interiors were free of dislocation.
The number of grains with high-angle boundaries increased with increasing strain.

Materials processed by SPD show not only unique physical and mechanical properties inherent in various ultrafine grained materials, such as high strength and superplasticity, but also a number of advantages, such as less grain growth and contamination, over nanostructured materials manufactured by other methods through powder processing.
The present authors envisage that ECAP would be effective in matrix grain refinements as well as enhancing matrix-particle bonding.
Agglomerates of CNTs and pores were found in many places by EDX analyses after 1 pass, and the separations of the CNT agglomerates and the homogeneous distribution of CNTs were achieved with the number of ECAP passes.
The decreases in matrix grain size and inter particle spacing increase strength and strain hardening of the composite by decreasing dislocation mean free paths.
Cu sheath CNT/Cu powder P-ECAP Sample 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 40 60 80 100 120 140 Initial Cu Hardness, HV Number of ECAP Passes 5 vol% CNT/Cu Composite Fig. 4 Hardness with the number of ECAP passes.

Band-like features, with a thickness in the order of a micrometer, across the grain were identified in Fig. 3(a).
Although, the number of reports on polycrystals is limited, to clarify the dependence of deformation twinning on grain orientation in polycrystalline Fe–Si alloys, the crystal orientations with deformation twins were analyzed.
Grain orientation did not play an important role in determining the occurrence of deformation twinning
Acknowledgements This study was financially supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 23760700 and 22nd Research Promotion Grant from The Iron and Steel Institute of Japan.
Hull, Effect of grain size and temperature on slip, twinning and fracture in 3% silicon iron, Acta Metall. 9 (1961) 191–204

Mechanical behavior and microstructure evolution during superplastic deformation of the fine-grained AlCoCrCuFeNi high entropy alloy.
Microstructure of these alloys was initially thought to consist preferably from disordered solid solutions, which are stabilized by high entropy of mixing of the principle alloying elements due to their large number [2].
However, it was later revealed that increase of number of principle elements does not result in increased probability of solid solutions formation [3] and, indeed, many HEAs are composed from ordered or intermetallic phases.
For example, in recent work [6-8] the equiatomic AlCoCuCrFeNi alloy was hot multi-axial forged to produce a fine-grained structure.
The grains or particles of the Al-Ni-rich, Co-Cr-Fe-rich and σ phases have nearly equiaxed shape.

Precipitates cause a decrease in the effective grain boundary area and therefore in the associated surface energy, and this obstruction of the grain boundary motion or pinning effect of precipitates is much stronger than solute drag.
Normal grain growth would be completely inhibited when the grain size reached a maximum, given by the critical radius Rc = 4r/3f where r is the radius of the pinning particles and f their volume fraction.
According to the model of strain induced grain boundary migration [12], the recrystallisation driving force FR comes from the difference in dislocation density across the moving grain boundary separating two adjacent grains.
To carry out these calculations, the following data are needed: the stoechiometric ratio of the atomic weights of elements in the precipitated compound, the solubility product [23], Avogadro's number, the volume of unit cell of materials (compound and austenite), the number of atoms per unit cell and the atomic weights.
Mean particles size (d), standard deviation (σ) and number of particles per unit area of replica (Np).