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After forging at 1050℃ the grain growth is not obvious and original β grain as well as intragranular lamellar are fine.
The grain deformation is not uniform, there are still undeformed grains.
The grain growth is not obvious, the original β grains and the intragranular lamellar are fine after forging at 1050℃, thus the strength and plasticity at room temperature and high temperature are higher, as a result of the effect of fine grain strengthening.
Fig. 5(b) shows that the fracture mode is a mixture of cleavage fracture and ductile fracture, there are a large number of small and shallow dimples.
The dimple size increases, and the number of tearing ridges decreases, thus the plasticity increases.

In this paper, the Mg-Zn alloys with different alloying ratios were prepared, which were Mg-3Zn, Mg-4Zn, Mg-5Zn (the number of Zinc in the front was the percentage of Zinc in the alloy), respectively.
The size of Mg-3Zn grain is small, the grain size of the matrix in the field of view is almost all about 500μm, has good uniformity, the size and distribution of Mg-Zn phase are not uniform, and some grain boundaries have obvious point , Indicating that Mg-Zn phase precipitates on the grain boundary.
Only a small part of the grain boundary can be observed.
The distribution of Mg-Zn phase in the grains is the same as that of Mg-4Zn.
It is also exhibits distribution of different points in the grain.

Afterwards, alloys with different amounts of Iron, namely 0.25 %, 0.5 % and 1.0 % (all numbers in this article given in wt.%) were produced.
Even if the absolute numbers coming from the simulations might be doubtful, trends can be simulated correctly.
The grain boundary particles acted as grain refiners and stabilized the grain size up to temperatures of 1100 °C [11].
The number of grain boundary particles was reduced and the distance between the particles was increased.
Consequently, the number of particles located inside the grains increased with increasing Iron contents as well.

Choose of transition metal as growth substrate is also very important because it could largely affect the number of graphene layers and produced defects [6].
Besides that, accurately controlling growth time is another key factor to determine the number of graphene layers[14].
The intensity of 2D band (~2663.9 cm−1) is found to lower than that of G band, which indicated a number of layers growth in most parts of the sample [17].
A, B and C region are corresponding to dark grain, light grain region and grain boundary of Cu.
It is also found that the growth of graphene is not related to different part of Cu including grain and grain boundary.

Increasing the brazing time also enhanced the formation of grain boundary boride.
Higher brazing temperature and/or longer brazing time favored boron transport along grain boundary.
The grain boundary provided a high diffusivity path for boron diffusion, and formed the stable borides along grain boundaries during brazing.
Higher brazing temperature and/or longer brazing time enhance boron transport along grain boundary.
Acknowledgements Authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of this research by Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (Contract number MOST 103-2221-E-002-213-MY3).

The measured austenitic grain size is in the range 80~160 mµ .
Meanwhile, dislocation cells are elongated along deformation direction with the increase of cold deformation degree, the number of the dislocation cells rise and the sizes reduce.
Recrystallization will completely transform grains after cold transformation into a new equiaxed grain structure by nucleation and growth, and its mechanical properties will also change markedly.
The main reason of single austenite-grain obtaining ultrafine is that：due to the existence of deformation martensite, austenitic grains after severe cold deformation import austenitic-martensite(γ/M) phase boundaries.
Influence of Heat Treatment on the Grains of Cold Worked Austenitic Stainless Steel.

We then multiplied the mean number of pollen grains per anther by the number of stamens per flower to estimate the number of pollen grains per flower.
The P/O ratio was finally calculated as the number of pollen grains in one anther divided by the number of ovules.
The number of pollen grains that changed to red color per 100 pollen grains was taken as the pollen viability index [4].
The pollen grain numbers, ovule numbers, and P/O ratios for this species are given in Table 1.
The pollen grain number, ovule number, and P/O ratios for Calligonum Mongolicum Stamens no.

The numbers of runs for the experiments were selected using Taguchi Method considering tool rotational speed and dwell time as factors three levels for each factor.
Table.1 shows the number experiments to be carried out for the combination of three tool rotational speeds and three dwell time.
The average grain sizes of refined grains are measured by calculating the sum of grain size at random areas for grains of all parameters and finding the average of it.
Grain size measurement The areas which are subjected to grain size measurement are encircled and shown in Fig. 8.
The minimum average grain size range of 4.54 µm and maximum average grain size range of 17.59 µm was obtained 4.

The maximum number of layers in the composites was 21.
Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the sizes of the grain-subgrain clusters forming in the weld adjacent zones are about 100…400 nm.
Vortices forming in the process of explosive welding of thin steel plates At the sides of the wave crests the ferrite grains are strongly deformed.
Transmission electron microscopy showed that the sizes of the grain-subgrain clusters forming in the weld adjacent zones are about 100…400 nm (Fig. 5).
The number of twins in coarse grains reaches several dozens.

The initial grains are created using Voronoi tessellation method, and the grain orientations are obtained from the electron back-scatter diffraction test.
The temperature continuity can be found across some grain boundaries while there is a temperature gap at other grain boundaries.
Moreover, the effects of grain properties, such as grain orientation and grain size, on the grain-level deformation heterogeneity are significant.
The plastic velocity gradient is expressed as: , (2) where N is the total number of slip system, is the shear strain rate on the -slip system, is the slip direction and is the orthogonal plane of , and is the dyadic product.
The simulated temperature distribution shows that the temperature concentration appears at some grain boundaries due to the grain-level heterogeneity induced by the difference of grain orientations.