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The main geometrical parameters of the abrasive grain, which determine the nozzle feed rate, are the shape of the grain, the number of vertices, the corners at the vertices and the radii of vertices rounding.
According to the results of the analysis of the shape and grain of the abrasive suspension, after waterjet cutting, some features of grain destruction were found.
During oblique impact, the number of fragments decreases, and their size increases to 0.2 mm.
The number of fragments when interacting with steel is greater and their size is much smaller.
At angles of fall close to 90°, the grain splits into small pieces.

This is because the α grains of the equiaxed are smaller, and the grain refinement improves the very high cycle fatigue performance [10].
The Widmanstatten is rough as a whole, with a large number of fracture steps, and the bimodal and equiaxed are relatively smooth.
The grain refinement effect makes the fatigue performance better.
Acknowledgement This research was funded by the National Basic Research Program of China (973), grant number 2015CB057400.
Diversity of damage evolution during cyclic loading at very high numbers of cycles.

On the other hand, the strength of the alloy increased with increasing the number of passes up to 2, above which it decreased.
It has been reported by some researchers [12,13] that bulk ultrafine-grained (UFG) materials having superior ductility as compared to conventional large grained materials have been produced using ECAE.
This ECAE route was adopted since previous studies showed that route-BC produced a uniform microstructure of equiaxed grains separated by high-angle grain boundaries more rapidly than other routes [13, 26].
The deformation structure has been converted, for the most part, into a microstructure with ultrafine grains having low-angle and high-angle grain boundaries, and the dislocation density is low inside many grains.
In addition, decreasing of grain size during ECAE processing results in an increase of the amount of grain boundaries, which led to improvement in strength values (grain boundary strengthening).

Several obvious absorption peaks at specific wave number were observed which indicated the existence of CO32- and OH in the precipitated precursor.
Wave number/cm -1 Fig. 1: SEM micrograph of precipitate precursor of (Y,Gd)2O3:Eu powder from complex precipitants.
The grain size from BET was about two times of that from XRD method, demonstrating that there existed a remarkable primary grain growth as well as considerable agglomeration among primary grain particles.
However at higher temperatures, the grains began to grow and the sintering of the adjacent grain starts, which increases the amount of grain boundaries thus decreases the luminescent intensity.
TEM observation at higher magnification on powder CS (Fig. 6(b)) showed that aggregated particle of powder CS was composed of grains with size of about (20-30)nm, and powder NC also had a similar primary grain size, however the degree of agglomeration in powder CS was much more severe than those of powder NC(Fig.6(a)), resulting in much more contacts and bindings among primary grains.

A number of methods have been developed to find more effective ways for recycling this byproduct, such as producing fermented feed, soy sauce, vinegar, activated carbon, organic fertilizer, microbial oils, biodegradable plastics, ethanol and biodiesel[3-7].
Youngmi Kim[13] et al. reports a complete compositional analysis on distiller's grains as well as a simulation of modified dry grind processes with recycle of distillers’ grains.
Dien[14] et al. conducts a study about enzyme characterization for hydrolysis of ammonia fiber explosion and liquid hot-water pretreated distillers’ grains.
Gried distillers’ grains with solubles after pretreatment are also evaluated for fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce ethanol.
a. waste distillers grains(WDG)(×2000) b. waste distillers grains(WDG) (×1000) c. acid hydrolysis residues (×2000) d. acid hydrolysis residues (1000) Fig.5.

In <001> grains, the cells are equiaxed, regular and surrounded by sharp walls, whereas in the <111> grains the cell creation is also in progress.
Type 1 : equiaxed dislocation cells in <001> grains.
(a) (b) Fig. 1: a- Dislocation cells in the <001> grains, the dislocation cells are equiaxed with different size. b- Distribution of the cell size, the number of measurements N=150.
Type 3: Noncrystallographic dense dislocation walls in <111> grains.
In comparison with the equiaxed cells developed in the <001> grains, the cell formation in the <111> grains is in progress and does not spread on the entire grain.

What’s more, the number of grains and nucleation rate increase along with the increase of the ultrasonic power.
The dimensions of grains decrease with the rise of the ultrasonic power.
What’s more, the number of grains and the nucleation rate increase along with the increase of the ultrasonic power.
The power of crystallization which is related to form new grains increases a lot.
Such the powerful shock wave acting on grains can cause huge energy fluctuation and fuses or breaks the growing grains, making the close range molecules changing to remote range molecules, which is conducive to form new grains.

The experimental results indicate that the number of the secondary branch crystal of the solidification structure is effectively controlled, and the feature of as-cast structure achieve the equiaxial and spherical grains after the liquid 7075 Al-alloy was treated by electrical impulse inoculation and Al-5Ti-B.
The primary dendrite of the third test got weakened, and the crystalline grains are vermicular and smallish.
Fig.2-4 shows the typical microstructure of the fourth test, it can be seen that the primary dendrite size reduces obviously, and the second dendrites appear to disappear completely; there are much more equiaxed grains distributing uniformly.
As shown in Fig.4 and Fig.5, the elements of Cu and Fe enrich at the grain boundaries significantly.
Due to the limitations of proportion of the composition in 7075 Al-alloy, the number of Cu or Fe atoms on the forefront of solid-phase can decrease during the process of cooling and solidification, which weakens the eutectic reaction on the late solidification, and thus restrains the enrichment of Cu and Fe on the grain boundaries at the end of solidification.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of ensiling on fermentation quality and aerobic stability of a total mixed ration (TMR) containing wet brewers’ grains and corn straw.
The number of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) for the TMR decreased from the initial 3.2×103 cfu g-1 to below detectable levels and yeast counts increased by 1000 times.
The numbers of LAB, yeast and mold in fresh TMR and TMR silage were counted by the method of Cai et al. [8].
Microbial measurement Fig. 2 shows changes in numbers of LAB, yeast and mould during ensiling.
The number of LAB increased quickly from the initial 3.2×103 cfu g-1 at day 0 to 1.6×107 cfu g-1 at day 3, then it reached slowly up to day 7.

The specimens are numbered from sample 1 to sample 20.
After a fatigue crack initiates and begins to grow, every a certain cycles, the test is interrupted, the cycle numbers and short crack growth rates are recorded using the optical microscopy to take photos for specimen’s front edge at notch root.
For a polygon grain, drawing the grain’s circumscribed circle, and the circumscribed circle’s diameter is selected as the characteristic size of polygon grain, while for a rectangle grain, the length of rectangle’s diagonal is measured as the characteristic size of rectangle grain.
Using a statistical average method, the characteristic sizes of polygon grains and that of rectangle grains are individually measured, and the mean value of the characteristic sizes of polygon grains and that of rectangle grains are calculated as 0.15mm and 0.17 mm.
The mean size of polygon grains is approximately equal to that of rectangle grains, and the average value of polygon grain’s and rectangle grain’s characteristic size is calculated as 0.16mm, which is determined as the grain size of GH4133B superalloy.