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It can be seen that the XRD patterns match very well the standard hexagonal structure data (JCPDS card No. 16-0334).
It is well known that Iem ∝ IPn exists in upconversion processes, where n denotes the number of NIR photons absorbed to generate one frequency upconverted photon.

From the X-ray diffraction pattern results, the peaks of ZnTe (101), (003), (102), (103), (112), (113), (022) and (015) were very distinct with a hexagonal structure (JCPDS card 83-0967).
Large grain boundary region is highly disordered, and having large number of defect states due to incomplete atomic bonding with lower deposition temperature.

All the diffraction peaks are attributed to the standard hexagonal structure of ZnO (JCPDS Card No. 5-664), which has wurtzite crystal structure with calculated lattice constants of a = 3.246 Å, c = 5.208 Å and hexagonal symmetry belonging to the P63mc space group.
As the microwave-assisted process was accomplished under the air atmosphere, the crystalline nanoparticles composed of the ZnO spheres can generate a number of defects in the crystal structure.

The standard crystallographic data for the CdS and ZnS compounds were taken from JCPDS (card numbers 41-1049, 36-1450 respectively).

All the diffraction peaks can be indexed to monoclinic phase BiVO4 structure (JCPDS card no.14-0688).
The high-magnification SEM image shown inset in Fig. 2b reveals that the peanut-like nanostructures composed of a large number of nanoparticles and with porous structure.

While a number of suitable methods have been developed for the synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles of various different compositions, successful application of such magnetic nanoparticles in the aforementioned scientific realms is mainly dependent on the stability of the particles under a range of various conditions.
XRD response As it can be seen in the XRD pattern, characteristic peaks are visualized ( 220, 311, 400, 422, 511, 440 at around 2θ~300, 350, 430, 530, 570, 630 respectively), that are perfectly fit in those of a face centered cubic spinel structure with diffraction peaks of magnetite, according to the JCPDS card no. 019-0629.

The citrate gel process offers a number of advantages for the preparation of nanocrystalline powders of many complex oxides as quoted in the literature [10,11].
The observed d-lines match the reported values for Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9 (JCPDS card No. 75-0158) with no other phases detected in the diffraction pattern, indicating that pure Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9 phase was obtained.

Fig. 3,combined with JCPDS cards, indicates that diffraction angle 2θ, which are 22.391°, 25.406°,31.187°and 32.366°, corresponds to the characteristic diffraction peaks of Ca2Pr8 (SiO4)6O2 and that diffraction angle 2θ, which are 31.187°,32.366°and 39.087°, corresponds to the characteristic diffraction peaks of Pr2O3.
According to the ratio of atom number, the rare-earth phase formula can be expressed as CaO·2RE2O3·3SiO2.

These facts allow suppose that with a greater flow decreases the number of walls.
It is suggested the use of this equation to obtain the average number of walls in CNTs.
The observed peak (002) (2θ≈26°) related to microcrystalline graphite (JCPDS cards no.41-14487) was selected to estimate the number of carbon walls.
Lc and numbers of walls in CNTs.
The influence of temperature on the number of walls of CNTs is not apparent at 800 or 850 °C.

The well-resolved periodic lattice fringes of the shell reveal that the core of the nanoparticle was of single crystalline structure, and two sets of lattice fringes were clearly observed with a distance of about 0.33 nm and 0.14 nm, respectively, which are corresponding to the interplanar distances from the (111) and (313) planes of WO3, indicating that the core of the nanoparticle was WO3 (JCPDS card No. 85-2460).
Owing to the low synthesis temperature and high nucleus densities, a large number of nanoparticles form on the substrate.