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These values are comparable to those for the bulk Al produced by a combination of MM and spark plasma sintering (SPS), which is a novel consolidation technique developed for sintering advanced ceramics and composite materials [13].
Ma: Materials Science and Engineering R, Vol. 29 (2000), p. 49
Ranganathan: International Material Reviews, Vol. 43 (1998), p. 101
Kubota: Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 434-435 (2007), p. 294
Ringer: Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 42 (2007), p. 1551

D. degree in civil engineering structure vibration control from the Wuhan University of Technology.
Her main research interests include computer control technology and system integration, power electronics and power transmission, and advanced control and health monitoring for ceramic kiln.
Xiao, Research on one kind of variable reactor, 2009 International Workshop on Intelligent Systems and Applications, Wuhan. (2009) 1847-1850
Xu, Research on impedance conversion of power electronic reactor, Journal of Wuhan University of Technology. 33 (2011) 127-130
Yuan, etc, Development of passive dynamic power filter based on MCU, Journal of Wuhan University of Technology. 35 (2013) 144-146

Effect of High Temperature During Electroless Nickel Process Zaliman Sauli1,a Vithyacharan Retnasamy1, Uda Hashim2, Rajendaran Vairavan1, Aaron Koay Terr Yeow1 , Moganraj Paliansamy1 and Ramzan Mat Ayub2 1School of Microelectronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kampus Pauh Putra, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia 2Institute Of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP) Lot 106, 108 & 110, Tingkat 1, Block A, Taman Pertiwi Indah, Jalan Kangar-Alor Setar, Seriab 01000 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia.
Zhang, et al., "A thermal-mechanical coupled finite element model with experimental temperature verification for vertically stacked FPGAs," Microelectronic Engineering, 2011
Lin, "Advanced ceramic heaters: Improving IC packaging and system performance," Advanced Packaging, vol. 16, pp. 22-26, 2007
Ourdjini, "Effect of multiple reflow on IMC formation using various surface finishes," International Journal of Microstructure and Materials Properties, vol. 7, pp. 502-516, 2012
Kim, et al., "Transmission property of flip chip package with adhesive interconnection for RF applications," Microelectronic Engineering, vol. 86, pp. 314-320, 2009

Ultraprecision Microgrooving of Hard Material by Means of Cutting Point Swivel Machining Xinrui Tang1,a, Miki Yoshinaga2,b, Keiichi Nakamoto1,c, Tohru Ishida1,d and Yoshimi Takeuchi1,e 1Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University 2-1, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 JAPAN 2 Engineering Group of Cutting Tools, Engineering Dept., A.L.M.T DIAMOND Corp. 1816-174, Kotaka-Kuroishi, Kato City, Hyogo 679-0221 JAPAN atang@cape.mech.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp, bmiki-yoshinaga@allied-material.co.jp, cnakamoto@mech.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp, dishidat@mech.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp, etakeuchi@mech.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp, Keywords: Ultraprecision microgrooving, hard material, cutting point swivel machining, diamond tool with special chamfer, tool wear suppression.
Miyashita: Ductile Mode Grinding Technology for Brittle Materials- The Way to Nanogrinding Technology, Journal of Japan Society for Precision Engineering, 56, 5 (1990) 782
Kuriyagawa: Ductile-Brittle Transition at Large Negative Tool Rake Angles, Journal of Japan Society for Precision Engineering, 66, 7 (2000) 1130
[6] Xin Rui Tang, Miki Yoshinaga, Keiichi Nakamoto, Tohru Ishida, Yoshimi Takeuchi : High Efficiency Machining of Hard Material by Non-rotational Diamond Tool with Chamfer, Proceedings of 3rd International Conference of Asian Society for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology (ASPEN2009), Kitakyusyu, Fukuoka, Japan(2009) 2B-2
[7] Yoshihiro KITA, Mamoru IDO, Naomichi KAWASAKI: A Study on the Cutting Mechanism with Large Negative Rake Angle, Journal of the Japan Society of Precision Engineering, 525, 44(1978)1099.

Introduction The Powder Technology Group (PTG) in the University Carlos III of Madrid is a multidisciplinary working group formed by doctors from different disciplines (such as Physics, Chemistry and Engineering).
Today the research group is involved, under the frame of the international project "Höganäs Chair" [1] in the study of the sintering behaviour and effect of manganese addition, both mechanically-blended and mechanically alloyed, on Cr-Mo low alloyed steels to strengthen the mechanical properties.
Torralba, Journal of Materials Science 39 (2004) 127-132
Injection Molding of Metals and Ceramics, Metal Powder Industries Federation. (1997)
Townsend, Journal Electrochemical Society 152(9) (2005) G707-G713 [23] M.E.Rabanal, C.Morales, J.M.Torralba, L.Mancic and O.Milosevic, J. of the European Ceramic Society 25(12) (2005) 2023-2027

Typical engineering applications of titanium alloys include the manufacture of cryogenic devices and aerospace components.
Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 2015. 6: p. 128-135.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2015.09.001 [4] Hosokawa, A., et al., Turning of difficult-to-machine materials with actively driven rotary tool.
International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 2010. 50(2): p. 174-182
Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, 2016. 138(8): p. 081001-081001.doi: 10.1115/1.4032583 [10] Abukhshim, N.A., P.T.
International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 2006. 46(7–8): p. 782-800.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2005.07.024.

Machining of Light Metals: Challenges for Surface Engineering E.D.
Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 45, .373-396
Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 42, 1715-1752
[12] Joshi, S.P. and Ramesh, K.T., (2008) Grain Size dependent Shear Instabilities in Bodycentered and Face-centered Cubic Materials, Materials Science and Engineering, A 493, pp.6570
Toward a better understanding of tool wear effect through a comparison between experiments and SPH numerical modelling of machining hard materials, International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, Article in Press

Experimental Study on the Mechanism of Axial Ultrasonic-assisted Grinding S.X.Yuan1, a, M.Xiao1, b 1School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110006, China asxyuan@mail.neu.edu.cn, bxiaomin.neu@gmail.com Keywords: Axial Ultrasonic-assisted Grinding, Kinematics, Grinding force, Superalloy Abstract.
References [1] Liu Zhenchang: A New Formula for Geometric Length of Contact in Surface Grinding, Journal of Huazhong Technology Institute Vol. 11(1983), p. 109-112, in Chinese
[5] Taghi Tawakoli, Bahman Azarhoushang: Influence of Ultrasonic Vibrations on Dry Grinding of Soft Steel, International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture. 48 (2008), p. 1585– 1591
[7] Wu Yan, Zhu Xunsheng, Zhao Bo: Study on Grinding Force Characteristics in Work Ultrasonic Vibration Grinding of Ceramics, Mechanical Science and Technology Vol. 25(2006), p. 146-148, in Chinese.

Finally, it might affect the sparked surface with existence of micro cracks, especially in a brittle material like silicon or ceramic wafer.
Whether the micro crack existence is critical, and there are many examples in literature related to the micro EDM in silicon/ceramic micro machining [6-9], few of them include this crack topic.
Van Brussel, Three-Dimensional Silicon Micro Components Manufactured by Micro Electro Discharge Machining, Proc. of SPIE, Vol. 3224,29 September 1997, Austin Texas, USA, PP352-359 [4] Kun Liu, Bert Lauwers and Dominiek Reynaerts, Process capabilities of Micro-EDM and its applications, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 47,  April 2010, PP11–19 [5] A.Schubert, H.Zeidler, M.Hahn, M.Hackert-Oschätzchen, J.Schneider, Micro-EDM Milling of Electrically Nonconducting Zirconia Ceramics, Procedia CIRP, Vol. 6, 2013, PP 297-302 [6] X.
Quarto, Characterization of surfaces obtained by micro-EDM milling on steel and ceramic components, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 97, 2018, PP2077–2085 [8] Valeria Marrocco, Francesco Modica, Vincenzo Bellantone, Valentina Medri and Irene Fassi, Pulse-Type Influence on the Micro-EDM Milling Machinability of Si3N4–TiN Workpieces, Micromachines 2020, 11(10), PP932-936 [9] G.D'Urso, C.Giardini, S.Lorenzi, M.Quarto, D.Sciti and L.Silvestroni, Micro-EDM milling of zirconium carbide ceramics, Precision Engineering, Vol. 65, Sept. 2020, PP156-163 [10] Data sheet: Wafer SI 6'' Device P-type ultra-flat, IMEC Part Nr.
Broek, Elementary Engineering Fracture Mechanics, Stijthoff & Noordhoff Int.

Al-Hasani2,b 1Department of Materials Engineering/ University of Technology\ Iraq 2Department of Materials Engineering/ University of Technology\ Iraq aeng.zainab944@gmail.com, b130141@uotechnology.edu.iq Keyword: Titanium Alloys, nano (ZrO2 with Y2O3), pack cementation process, surface roughness.
Also Surface engineering aims to design implants of improved biological performance which are able to modulate and control the response of living tissue.
Generally, surface engineering includes modification of topographical (i.e., roughness) and chemical (i.e., coating) characteristics of a medical device.
Jansen, Surface Engineering for Bone Implants: A Trend from Passive to Active Surfaces, Coatings, (2012)
Al-Hasani, Evaluation of Surface Roughness and Biological Behavior of Ti-Nb Alloys', Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research and Developments, Vol. 43, No. 7, pp. 233-241, 2020