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Online since: December 2011
Authors: Thierry Baudin, Wei Wang, I. Drouelle, F. Brisset, M.H. Mathon, T. Auger
One cm thickness sheets, cut from this cylindrical ingot, were cold rolled at different reduction amounts i.e. 50%, 70% and 90%.
The OIMTM software was used to analyze the EBSD data.
The recrystallized microstructure (grain size) is still heterogeneous after lower cold rolling reductions (50% and 70%).
Fig. 4a shows the stored energy evolution of components B, C and Goss in terms of the cold rolling reduction.
As mentioned above, the substructure is better formed in smaller grains when the cold rolling reduction increases.
The OIMTM software was used to analyze the EBSD data.
The recrystallized microstructure (grain size) is still heterogeneous after lower cold rolling reductions (50% and 70%).
Fig. 4a shows the stored energy evolution of components B, C and Goss in terms of the cold rolling reduction.
As mentioned above, the substructure is better formed in smaller grains when the cold rolling reduction increases.
Online since: May 2012
Authors: Jian Rong Tang, Bai Yu Zhang, Li Juan Wu
The paper describes the direct, indirect and general influences of the construction carbon emissions based on the path analysis and the related statistic data of Jiangsu Province from 1998 to 2007.
Index and data selection Select the data from 1998 to 2007 about the related indicators to make an analysis: x1, the level of the industrial development, indicate the share of total construction output in GDP; industrial scale x2 means the completion of the area of the construction; urbanization x3 represent the city rate of characterization; technology to improve x4 to characterize the per capital of GDP of the energy consumption; labour efficiency x5 characterized by the construction industry labour productivity; infrastructure state x6 to the fixed assets investment in construction.
All the data comes from the “China Statistical Yearbook”, “China Energy Statistical Yearbook”, “China Construction Statistical Yearbook” and the “Statistical Yearbook of Jiangsu Province”, part of which is derived through the integration of original data.
As for the construction emissions Y, no official data are available and there are too many accounting methods to obtain the data, coupled with the subject of the study is not ,so the paper draw on the results of previous studies, such as Wang Hao, Li Dezhi ,Lee Kaiming(2010) .The set of the specific variables and values shown in Table 1.
In addition, the decision-making factor of each factor can be calculated based on the data in Table 3:,,,,,.
Index and data selection Select the data from 1998 to 2007 about the related indicators to make an analysis: x1, the level of the industrial development, indicate the share of total construction output in GDP; industrial scale x2 means the completion of the area of the construction; urbanization x3 represent the city rate of characterization; technology to improve x4 to characterize the per capital of GDP of the energy consumption; labour efficiency x5 characterized by the construction industry labour productivity; infrastructure state x6 to the fixed assets investment in construction.
All the data comes from the “China Statistical Yearbook”, “China Energy Statistical Yearbook”, “China Construction Statistical Yearbook” and the “Statistical Yearbook of Jiangsu Province”, part of which is derived through the integration of original data.
As for the construction emissions Y, no official data are available and there are too many accounting methods to obtain the data, coupled with the subject of the study is not ,so the paper draw on the results of previous studies, such as Wang Hao, Li Dezhi ,Lee Kaiming(2010) .The set of the specific variables and values shown in Table 1.
In addition, the decision-making factor of each factor can be calculated based on the data in Table 3:,,,,,.
Online since: March 2015
Authors: Feng Qian, Jie Miao, Liang Guo, Fan Wang
The operation is complicated, time-consuming, high requirements and difficult to promote, and heavy metals can only get the total data and non valence data.
1.2Analysis method of flue gas mercury
Analysis of mercury in the flue gas often used ICP-AES, which is a new analysis technique used a high temperature (5000K)plasma generated by argon discharge as the excitation light source, special high temperature can ensure that the atomic in the sample elements is excited with high efficiency.
Ruud Meij’s study on emissions of mercury from coal-fired power plant in Holland found that the removal efficiency of ESP for mercury in the flue gas was 50%, higher than the statistical data of EPRI[8].
Gutierrez Ortiz conclued that removal efficiency of ESP for mercury vapor was 30%, and the statistical data was substantially consistent with EPRI [9].
The results of Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences were similar with the Zhejiang University, which measured that the reduction efficiency of ESP for mercury from coal-fired industrial boiler was 20%~40% The data measured by the domestic and the foreign have some differences, this is related to the factors like coal, boiler scale, furnace and so on. 2.2The effect of WFGD for mercury in the flue gas WFGD include limestone-lime/gypsum wet FGD, magnesium oxide desulfurization method, ammonia desulfurization, Sodium alkali desulfurization, double alkali method desulfurization, etc.
From the above data showed that the control efficiency of ESP+ WFGD was better than that the desulphurization and dust removal system.Therefore, the significant increase in the number of the dust removal and desulfurization integration device in recent years is worth exploring whether this phenomenon should continue or not.
Ruud Meij’s study on emissions of mercury from coal-fired power plant in Holland found that the removal efficiency of ESP for mercury in the flue gas was 50%, higher than the statistical data of EPRI[8].
Gutierrez Ortiz conclued that removal efficiency of ESP for mercury vapor was 30%, and the statistical data was substantially consistent with EPRI [9].
The results of Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences were similar with the Zhejiang University, which measured that the reduction efficiency of ESP for mercury from coal-fired industrial boiler was 20%~40% The data measured by the domestic and the foreign have some differences, this is related to the factors like coal, boiler scale, furnace and so on. 2.2The effect of WFGD for mercury in the flue gas WFGD include limestone-lime/gypsum wet FGD, magnesium oxide desulfurization method, ammonia desulfurization, Sodium alkali desulfurization, double alkali method desulfurization, etc.
From the above data showed that the control efficiency of ESP+ WFGD was better than that the desulphurization and dust removal system.Therefore, the significant increase in the number of the dust removal and desulfurization integration device in recent years is worth exploring whether this phenomenon should continue or not.
Online since: August 2011
Authors: Lei Xu, Hui Ming Huang
The tag can not function in an excessively curving case, since the deviation of the antenna resonant frequency from working frequency makes a reduction in inductive energy supplied by a transmitter.
Analytically, it is found that a reduction in central distance, which is determined by column radius and curving angle, between compound straight tracks leads to the decreasing of overall antenna-coil inductance after the curving of the tag.
The measured data show an increase of about 0.5 pF in the antenna-coil capacitance while the tag is folded face-to-face.
In Fig. 2C, the measured data are marked with dots; the calculated values with the curving turn exponent of 1.78 are plotted with lines.
Analytically, it is found that the decreasing of overall antenna-coil inductance results from a reduction in straight-track inductance after the curving of an RFID tag.
Analytically, it is found that a reduction in central distance, which is determined by column radius and curving angle, between compound straight tracks leads to the decreasing of overall antenna-coil inductance after the curving of the tag.
The measured data show an increase of about 0.5 pF in the antenna-coil capacitance while the tag is folded face-to-face.
In Fig. 2C, the measured data are marked with dots; the calculated values with the curving turn exponent of 1.78 are plotted with lines.
Analytically, it is found that the decreasing of overall antenna-coil inductance results from a reduction in straight-track inductance after the curving of an RFID tag.
Online since: May 2014
Authors: Régis Bigot, Laurent Langlois, Philippe Mangin, Catalina Gutierrez
The movement of the wedges causes a progressive spread in the axial direction of the billet and a reduction in its cross-sectional area; it can be of simple diameter reduction or of several reductions.
Definition of remarkable point's coordinates Each of these stages encompasses another series of steps, at a more detailed level; and for each of these steps there are: an input data, a defined action, an output data and a number of rules to verify.
Figure 7 – Simple reduction part A11
At this stage the reduction ratios are validated.
Authors use different reduction ratios, for example [4] use the optimum reduction in cross-section area Rop, [12] use the diameter reduction Ed; and relative reduction δ used by [6].
Definition of remarkable point's coordinates Each of these stages encompasses another series of steps, at a more detailed level; and for each of these steps there are: an input data, a defined action, an output data and a number of rules to verify.
Figure 7 – Simple reduction part A11
At this stage the reduction ratios are validated.
Authors use different reduction ratios, for example [4] use the optimum reduction in cross-section area Rop, [12] use the diameter reduction Ed; and relative reduction δ used by [6].
Online since: October 2015
Authors: Nick S. Bennett, Neil M. Wight
(iii) Figure-of-merit (in-plane) was measured by Harman method at 300 K under vacuum using a Keithley 6221 current source and Keithley 2400 voltmeter to give DC and AC resistances, with Z found by linear fitting to current-voltage data.
This was deduced by Hall measurements (not shown) that confirmed a reduction in Hall mobility in these samples.
Since dissolution of vacancy-clusters eventually occurs, this may also contribute to the overall reduction in vacancies [16, 17].
Either explanation supports the hypothesis that Vs are responsible for the k reduction.
Heath, Reduction of thermal conductivity in phononic nanomesh structures, Nature Nanotechnology 5 (2010) 718–721
This was deduced by Hall measurements (not shown) that confirmed a reduction in Hall mobility in these samples.
Since dissolution of vacancy-clusters eventually occurs, this may also contribute to the overall reduction in vacancies [16, 17].
Either explanation supports the hypothesis that Vs are responsible for the k reduction.
Heath, Reduction of thermal conductivity in phononic nanomesh structures, Nature Nanotechnology 5 (2010) 718–721
Online since: September 2014
Authors: Claudio Testani, Antonello Astarita, Antonino Squillace
Laboratory compression and tensile tests have been coupled with relaxation tests in order to achieve robust data about strain rate sensitivity m-coefficient and activation energy Q.
Essentially, the envelope and powder undergo a photographic reduction in shape.
Nevertheless all the tests were used in a single elaboration comprising all the data from the three techniques to obtain a “global-model”.
It has to be pointed out that, for the relaxation curve, only data from the first 180 seconds has been taken in consideration.
Tab. 3: Results from the elaboration of the experimental data from powder materials T (K) Compression) (Tensile) (Rd^2= (Relaxation) m (Mean) Q KJ/mole (Mean) Rd2 m Q KJ/mole Rd2 m Q KJ/mol Rd2 m Q KJ/mole 1173- 1273 0.98 0,35 251 0.93 0,24 212 0.89 0,39 210 0,28 224 1273 - 1373 0.89 0,30 159 0.85 0,29 161 * * * 0.29 160 Tab. 4: All the data (three techniques) multi-linear correlation analysis -results from the elaboration of the experimental tensile, compression and relaxation data for powder materials T (K) B m Q (KJ/mole) Experimental Q (KJ/mole) Literature Ref. [36, 37 ,38]) Rd2 1173-1273 2.72 0,32 243 240 -250 0,90 1273-1373 4.09 0,29 148 150 0,78 From the data of Tab.4 it has been possible to elaborate two Dorn-equations, Tab.5, that have significance respectively in a temperature range of 1173-1273K and 1273-1373 K and strain rate έ=0.01 - 1 s-1.
Essentially, the envelope and powder undergo a photographic reduction in shape.
Nevertheless all the tests were used in a single elaboration comprising all the data from the three techniques to obtain a “global-model”.
It has to be pointed out that, for the relaxation curve, only data from the first 180 seconds has been taken in consideration.
Tab. 3: Results from the elaboration of the experimental data from powder materials T (K) Compression) (Tensile) (Rd^2= (Relaxation) m (Mean) Q KJ/mole (Mean) Rd2 m Q KJ/mole Rd2 m Q KJ/mol Rd2 m Q KJ/mole 1173- 1273 0.98 0,35 251 0.93 0,24 212 0.89 0,39 210 0,28 224 1273 - 1373 0.89 0,30 159 0.85 0,29 161 * * * 0.29 160 Tab. 4: All the data (three techniques) multi-linear correlation analysis -results from the elaboration of the experimental tensile, compression and relaxation data for powder materials T (K) B m Q (KJ/mole) Experimental Q (KJ/mole) Literature Ref. [36, 37 ,38]) Rd2 1173-1273 2.72 0,32 243 240 -250 0,90 1273-1373 4.09 0,29 148 150 0,78 From the data of Tab.4 it has been possible to elaborate two Dorn-equations, Tab.5, that have significance respectively in a temperature range of 1173-1273K and 1273-1373 K and strain rate έ=0.01 - 1 s-1.
Online since: June 2005
Authors: Dong Soo Park, Dae Soon Lim, Byung Dong Han, Jong In Park, Dong Phill Lim
Erosion Behavior of Silicon Nitride with Graded Microstructure
Dae-Soon Lim
1,a, Jong-In Park1,b, Dong-Phill Lim
1,c,
Byung-Dong Han
2,d, Dong-Soo Park2,e
1
Department of Material Science and Engineering, Korea University,
1, 5-ga, Anam-dong, sungbuk-gu, Seoul 136-701, Korea
2
Ceramic Materials Group, KIMM, 66 Sangnam-dong, Chang-Won, Kyong-Nam, Korea
a
dslim@korea.ac.kr, bmaru203@hanmail.net, cnoonimp@empal.com,
d
cera72@kmail.kimm.re.kr, epds1590@kmail.kimm.re.kr
Keywords: Graded microstructure, Erosion, Silicon nitride, Oxidation, Carbothermal reduction
Abstract
Silicon nitride has been considered as candidate tribological material due to their excellent
mechanical and thermal properties.
Carbothermal reduction treatment was performed to the reduce oxygen content within the powder during this procedure Heat treatment with tube furnace was performed using 0.1 l/min flow rate nitrogen atmosphere for 10h at 1450℃.
Results and discussions A graded structure was obtained by an additional carbothermal reduction treatment.
Data shows that oxide is more easily formed in fine surface compared to coarse surface.
Carbothermal reduction treatment was performed to the reduce oxygen content within the powder during this procedure Heat treatment with tube furnace was performed using 0.1 l/min flow rate nitrogen atmosphere for 10h at 1450℃.
Results and discussions A graded structure was obtained by an additional carbothermal reduction treatment.
Data shows that oxide is more easily formed in fine surface compared to coarse surface.
Online since: November 2013
Authors: M.S. Shamsudin, M. Rusop, R. Ahmad, M. Salina, S.M. Sanip, Z. Awang
These give a corresponding size reduction of ten times compared to conventional dielectrics, silicon nitride (Si3N4).
We propose MgZnO thin film as a new dielectric material in MMIC design to achieve size reduction over currently-used materials.
From S11 data, the properties of MgZnO film such as relative permittivity, capacitance and loss tangent were extracted.
From S11 data others RF properties such as dielectric constant, capacitance and loss tangent can be extracted as summarized in Table 1.
Size reduction of capacitor area approximately ten times over the MMIC materials has been obtained.
We propose MgZnO thin film as a new dielectric material in MMIC design to achieve size reduction over currently-used materials.
From S11 data, the properties of MgZnO film such as relative permittivity, capacitance and loss tangent were extracted.
From S11 data others RF properties such as dielectric constant, capacitance and loss tangent can be extracted as summarized in Table 1.
Size reduction of capacitor area approximately ten times over the MMIC materials has been obtained.
Online since: October 2012
Authors: R. Prabu, L. Vijayalakshmi, V. Narayanan
Atomic absorption spectral data were recorded using a Varian spectra AA–200 model atomic absorption spectrophotometer.
Dark brown compound, Yield: 0.94 g (55%),Analytical data for: C40H64Cl4Mn2N8O18: Calculated (%): C, 40.15; H,5.39; N, 9.36; Mn,9.18, Found (%): C, 40.20; H, 5.29; N, 9.30, Mn, 9.25, Selected IR data (KBr)(ν/cm-1): 3287 ν(NH), 1640 [s ν(C=N)], 1088 (s) [n(ClO4-) uncoordinated], 624 (s) (ClO4-).
Yield: 0.90 g (52 %),Analytical data for: C38H58Br2Cl4Mn2N8O18, Calculated (%): C, 34.41; H, 4.41; N, 8.45; Mn, 8.28, Found (%): C, 34.50; H, 4.50; N, 8.40; Mn, Selected IR data (KBr)(ν/cm-1): 1640 [s ν(C=N)], 1088 (s) [n(ClO4-) uncoordinated], 624 (s) (ClO4-) 3.
Experimental data for complex were modelled by using a fitting procedure to the appropriate Heisenberg model Ĥ = –2JS1.
The effective magnetic moment values at room temperature calculated from magnetic susceptibility measurements data is 4.63 BM.
Dark brown compound, Yield: 0.94 g (55%),Analytical data for: C40H64Cl4Mn2N8O18: Calculated (%): C, 40.15; H,5.39; N, 9.36; Mn,9.18, Found (%): C, 40.20; H, 5.29; N, 9.30, Mn, 9.25, Selected IR data (KBr)(ν/cm-1): 3287 ν(NH), 1640 [s ν(C=N)], 1088 (s) [n(ClO4-) uncoordinated], 624 (s) (ClO4-).
Yield: 0.90 g (52 %),Analytical data for: C38H58Br2Cl4Mn2N8O18, Calculated (%): C, 34.41; H, 4.41; N, 8.45; Mn, 8.28, Found (%): C, 34.50; H, 4.50; N, 8.40; Mn, Selected IR data (KBr)(ν/cm-1): 1640 [s ν(C=N)], 1088 (s) [n(ClO4-) uncoordinated], 624 (s) (ClO4-) 3.
Experimental data for complex were modelled by using a fitting procedure to the appropriate Heisenberg model Ĥ = –2JS1.
The effective magnetic moment values at room temperature calculated from magnetic susceptibility measurements data is 4.63 BM.