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These refer to unit activities at 900°C and the Ca/Ca 2+ standard, with pure liquid CaO as the reference state for the oxide, and have been calculated from known thermodynamic data.
These issues prompted a second in-depth study on TiO2 reduction [10].
Fig. 5 shows a current versus time curve recorded during a reduction experiment of the above type.
Two cases in point are the preparation of Ti coatings on steel through the reduction of deposited TiO2 [12], and the preparation of highly porous Ti metal through the reduction of TiO2 precursors containing fugitive additives [13].
The main concern is that this parasitic reaction results in a reduction in the current efficiency.

In the experiment, electrospinning method, soaking and adsorption method, together with reduction method were used to achieve the aim of coating.
The electrospinning process was performed at 20˚C. 2.4 The adsorption and reduction of copper nitrate molecule The previously prepared composite nanofiber mat was put into 100 ml 0.2 mol/L copper nitrate water solution and left for 12 or 24 hours.
The original colour of the mat turned to brown immediately, indicating the reduction of the Cu2+ irons.
XRD data was collected on a Philips X’Pert diffractometer using Cu Kαradiation(λ=1.5418).
The measurements were made in reflection geometry, and the 2θdiffraction (Bragg) angles were scanned at a step of 0.02.Each data point was measured for at least 12s, and several scans were taken of the sample.

The Mn solute content was evaluated from resistivity data and thermoelectric power assuming that only Al6(Fe,Mn) was precipitated [5].
The EBSD data also showed that there was a strong β-fibre rolling texture in the heavily cold worked materials.
Taylor factors calculated from the EBSD texture data show a slight increase during annealing, Table 2.
The fits to the HH97 and SH96 data gave exponents ν = 8.4 and 5.0, respectively, but the same activation energy U=225 kJ/mole.
At ν=8.4 a very good representation of the data in Fig. 4 and an activation energy U=100 kJ/mole is obtained from Eq.1.

More recently larger blades have been used, where main advantages include an increase in wind capture efficiency, a reduction in the installation and reduction in maintenance costs per MW.
The initial measurement data shows all motion relative to the camera system, where a coordinate system transformation is applied to set the global coordinate system relative to the turbine.
Fig. 14: Tower versus blade deflection during an emergency stop Fig. 15: Vector plots that can be animated during review of captured data show 3D resultant displacements for three similar points on each blade.

This consisted on calculating the thermal data with a fine mesh (lower CPU time cost) while the mechanical data was calculated with a bigger element mesh (bigger CPU time cost).
This implied a reduction of 1/3 in CPU time for the rotary extrusion model.
This roller achieved an accurate final geometry and an increased material flow of 10mm was obtained as shown in the data annexed to Fig. 7.
A reduction of 1/3 in the CPU time was achieved.
The requirements for a rotary extrusion machine will be obtained thanks to the data acquired from the simulation work and the experimental tests.

The movement of the wedges causes a progressive spread in the axial direction of the billet and a reduction in its cross-sectional area; it can be of simple diameter reduction or of several reductions.
Definition of remarkable point's coordinates Each of these stages encompasses another series of steps, at a more detailed level; and for each of these steps there are: an input data, a defined action, an output data and a number of rules to verify.
Figure 7 – Simple reduction part A11
At this stage the reduction ratios are validated.
Authors use different reduction ratios, for example [4] use the optimum reduction in cross-section area Rop, [12] use the diameter reduction Ed; and relative reduction δ used by [6].

The data and information in the system are transfered using wireless transmission technology.
The data information of carpooling for them is imported by a summary keyboard.
Considering the actual application, this part of the circuit just need to send the data to the electronic screen, so the data reception pins of MCU don`t be used.
Display subroutine scans to turn out the dot matrix data by line, which has set stored by group, and then lighting LED line-by-line.
Afterwards, data sent out to the second column, the third column and so on.

Comparing practical result with that calculated by mathematical model, it shows that modified model can simulate the heat transfer and solidification process, which can provide accurate end solidification spot and serve for soft reduction.
A right mathematical model of heat transfer on solidification can be used to calculate surface temperature and thickness of slab, as well as providing useful data for solidification-control and optimizing the secondary cooling technology.
In this paper, mathematical solidification model has been established based on a practical continuous caster, where heat transfer coefficient is modified by experimental shell thickness data.
This model can be used to calculate solidification end at different drawing speed, which can provide right position for soft reduction.
Conclusions 1.Solidify shell thickness tested by the method of nail-shooting can reflect the solidification of casting slab truly. 2.Nail-shooting method is an easy, reliable and very applicable method, the tested result is the most important reference for practical production and establishment of heat transfer mathematical model of casting slab. 3.Revised mathematical can simulated the phenomena of heat transfer and solidification, can be used to forecast the shell thickness and the end of solidification at different drawing speed, provide reliable base for optimizing secondary cooling water and controlling soft reduction position.

The testing equipment incorporates integrated systems for precision measurement, control, and data acquisition of test temperature, coupled with extensometric measurement and recording capabilities enabling creep evaluation at temperatures up to 1000°C under applied loads up to 6 kN.
Extrapolation of experimental data to 10,000 and 100,000 hour service periods yielded creep rupture strength values for all material conditions.
From the experimental creep data, mathematical parameters were established using Excel functional relationships of the form y=f(x) as demonstrated in Figure 3.
Specimens annealed at 600°C for 3,000 hours exhibited 13% creep rupture life reduction, while 10,000-hour annealing resulted in 17% life reduction.
Accelerated creep experiments without continuous strain measurement provided essential data for quantitative assessment of joint service life reduction.

Data have been presented in diagrams showing the current trend as a function of the exposure time. 3.
Furthermore, no additional major decreases were observed, as the data at 7 days suggest.
Fig. 2 – EIS data for a thermal degreased laminate in NaCl 3.5% solution Fig. 3 – EIS data for a laminate with zirconium treatment in NaCl 3.5% solution The EIS data for a thermally degreased material, with the thermoplastic heat-sealing lacquer PVC free, in a NaCl 3.5%w solution with the addition of lactic acid to achieve a pH of 4, is presented in Fig. 4a.
In addition, by comparing data in Fig. 3 and 4b, it appears that the Zr treatment substantially improves the low frequency data more than in the non-acidified environment.
The EIS data appear to suggest that the Zr treatment is even more beneficial in an acidified environment.