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The PFM has incorporated the statistical uncertainties of mechanical, geometrical and loading properties to determine the probability of failure of the components.
Then, the K-estimation method is coded into ANSYS finite element analysis by incorporating with the statistical characteristics of mechanical, geometrical and loading properties.
Due to the uncertainties of mechanical, geometrical and loading properties, a Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) is used in the probabilistic analysis to determine the probability of failure.
Ghazali, Stress intensity factors for surface cracks in round bar under single and combined loadings, Meccanica 47 (2012) 1141-1156, 2012
AbdulRazzaq, Stress intensity factors under combined bending and torsion moments, J. of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE A 13 (2012) 1-8

The quality of work piece is directly affected by cutting conditions, cutting tool geometry and properties of work material.
Furthermore, the analysis of cutting condition factors affecting to cutting force and surface roughness is of interest for reduction of operation time and cost to obtain proper cutting conditions.
The cutting force is mainly affected by cutting conditions, cutting tool geometry and properties of work material [2,4-7].
Materials and methods Workpiece Material and Cutting Tool Geometry.The cast nylon 6 was used and their mechanical properties were showed in Table I.
Pechkong, “ A study of influence factors affecting to surface roughness in stainless steel turning,” Proc.

awenliang6469@sjtu,edu.cn, bzhao.zi.han.1@sjtu.edu.cn, csunshine90@sjtu.edu.cn,dyudedong@sjtu.edu.cn,emchen@sjtu.edu.cn, fmaxillofacsurg@163.com Keywords: cutting temperature; slotting; cortical bone; feed rate; spindle speed Abstract: Cutting force and temperature are the two chief factors affecting bone rehabilitation during bone cutting in many orthopedic surgeries.
Similar to conventional machining operations, micro-mechanical machining use miniaturized cutting tools to shape the surfaces of materials[15].With smaller diameter of cutting tools, micro-machining operations have lower cutting force and higher heat transfer thus reducing the heat and lowering the temperature compared to Macro-mechanical machining.
Therefore, milling force can be controlled at a low level through the selection of cutting parameters to reduce mechanical damage in bone osteons.
These characteristics may be related to the thermal and dynamic properties of cortical bone which should be researched further.
Fig. 8 Effect of feed direction on milling temperature Fig. 9 Effect of feed direction on milling force Conclusion As a result of this study, the following general conclusions can be drawn: The results indicated that the influencing factors on milling temperature were feed rate and spindle speed, while the milling force was mainly affected by spindle speed.

By studying the biological prototype of crack-resistance of plant lamina, we found that surface thermal fatigue crack is one of the main factors affecting the service life of hot work mould.
Introduction Owing to the long-time contacts with high-temperature material in service time, hot work die loads long-term alternating stress, and in consequence mould local surface produces crack and strength is destroyed, which affects the service life of die.
Leaf vein is composed of vascular bundles and mechanical organization, its structure and chemical composition is different from the thin-walled cells of mesophyll.
Plant lamina is a model of excellent mechanical properties and a perfect union with flexible and rigid.
Location 2 is convex edges top, this place easy to have transverse cracks as shown in Figure 4(b), which will affect the products surface quality.

Factors Affecting the Performance of Molten Salt Heat Receiver Peijuan Li1, a, Yuting Cheng1,b and Shi Liu2,c 1School of Power, Energy and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206,China 2 School of Control & Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206,China alipeijuan1234@sina.com, bcytko@126.com, cliushi_ncepu@yahoo.com.cn Keywords: Tower solar power; Numerical simulation; Molten salt receiver Abstract.
Xu Chang et al have researched heat and mass transfer properties of solar tower porous medium heat receiver, established heat receiver steady heat transfer model[8].
Molten salt is sited to variable properties , which is a function of temperature.
When molten salt flow in the pipe, distribution of temperature field is extremely uneven, but the physical properties of molten salt change greatly with the change of temperature, then this increase complexity of endothermic process of molten salt in the pipe.
Since physical properties changes with temperature, temperature difference changing rate from inlet to outlet surface decrease with the inlet temperature increasing.

Structural composition, physical properties and functions of tooth tissues.
Tooth Tissue Physical Properties Component Protein Cell constituents Functions Ref.
Its complex structure and properties guide the cell to differentiate into specific tissue.
A variety of growth factors have been successfully used for dentin-pulp complex regeneration, including Transforming Growth Factors (TGFs) [53], Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) [54], Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) [55], Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) [56], Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGF), Epidermal Growth Factors (EGF) and phosphates, as discussed in Table 5.
Stem cell properties of human dental pulp stem cells, J Dent Res., 81 (2002) 531-535

Previous studies demonstrated [1-2] that electromigration on the solder bump/solder ball is the most tenacious cause affected reliability.
Working temperature and current density are the main factors which directly impact electromigration behaviors.
Material properties, such as electrical resistivity and temperature coefficient of resistance are crucial and vary from working temperature.
Temperature is initially set to be room temperature (25O C) and material electrical properties are resistance for SAC405 is 13e-5 Ω-mm and for Copper is 0.158 Ω-mm, while temperature coefficient of resistance for Copper is 4.3e-3.
Current and geometry are the major factors for Joule heat.

Surface texture, as one of the typical surface integrity characteristics, plays a vital part in efficiently and systematically evaluating the surface integrity and relevant mechanical properties of machined parts.
Surface quality is considered to be closely related to functional performance and it shows particular sensitivity in the field of micro/nano manufacture and aerospace industry where the surface behaviors strongly affect the mechanical properties and fatigue life of parts [1-2].
Common roughness parameters are summarized here and the relationship between these surface roughness parameters and final parts fatigue properties are also discussed and studied through the quantity of surface concentration factor Kt which is a key to analyze and predict the mechanical performance and fatigue life of parts [7].
However, establishing a more accurate and direct link between surface texture parameters and the final fatigue properties is really a necessity no matter for the purpose of theorecical research or in practiacl producion appliaction.
Pilkey, D.F. pilkey: Peterson's Stress Concentration Factors(3rd edition) (John Wiley & Sons, Newyork 2008) [8] International Standard ISO 4287: 1997/Cor.2: 2005 (ISO, Switzerland) [9] D.

Tribological properties of CVD diamond films against zirconia ceramic WANG Haiwang1,a, LEI Xuelin 1,b, WANG Liang 1,c, SHEN Bin 1,d and SUN Fanghong 1,e 1School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China allcwhw@126.com, bsuperlxl@sjtu.edu.cn, cliangwang@sjtu.edu.cn, dbinshen@sjtu.edu.cn, esunfanghong@sjtu.edu.cn Keywords: HFCVD; Diamond film; Zirconia ceramic; Tribological behavior Abstract.
The tribological properties of diamond films against zirconia ceramic are conducted on a ball-on-plate type rotating reciprocating tribometer in ambient air.
In order to find the feasibility of it, the tribological properties of CVD diamond film against zirconia ceramic must be understood in advance.
As with most materials, the frictional behaviors of CVD diamond films are affected by many factors, which are divided into two kind types, namely intrinsic factors and extrinsic factors.
Extrinsically, there are many chemical, physical and mechanical factors existing in the surrounding environment [9].

Residual stress is one of the most important surface integrity parameter that can significantly affect the service performance of a mechanical component, such as: contact fatigue, corrosion resistance and part distortion.
In this context, hard turning is becoming more competitive because of its ability to properly merge factors of great interest, such as production costs, productivity and especially product quality.
Among these the main ones are associated with the high temperatures generated at the tool-chip and tool-workpiece interfaces that strongly affect the surface integrity and consequently the functional performance and life of a mechanical component.
To describe the influence of each single cutting parameter on the in-depth residual stress profile, four different factors were considered (Fig. 2): a: Surface Residual Stress; b: Maximum Compressive Residual Stress Below Surface; c: Penetration Depth; d: Thickness Affected by Machining Residual Stress.
Brandt, “Hard turning influences on the workpiece properties”, Trans.