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As an example, Gerlich et al. [12] used a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach to model FSSW.
FEM simulations Modell set up.
- A limited number of steps (normally 10, correspondent to 10-1 seconds) are run while all the thermal figures are kept constant; the simulation is run without using the GUI interface and the Command Window is used instead where a suitable Command File (batch file) manage all the simulation modules and files needed to complete the simulation
Fig. 8 – (a) Temperature distribution at three different stages of the simulation, S=1000 rpm, F=30 mm/min; (b) heat flux boundary condition in an intermediate simulation step; (c) force vs. time.
The peculiarity of this FEM model is a 2D approach used for the simulation of a 3D problem.

These stresses will be eliminated by design of higher number of screws fixed on the flange (Fig. 7). 3.1.2 Design of the flange with eight screws for the water heater The first simulation that was performed for the water heater tank with eight screws on the flange was with 3.5 mm thick material and the holes were for carriage screws with the size M5.
Maximum stress that occurred during simulation was in the part of tubes, which is not considered as important for this calculation.
Then, a series of simulations was performed.
Košičanová, Indoor environment air quality ventilation rates – numerical CFD simulations calculations and measuring apparatus applications, Czasopismo Techniczne 109 (3), 2012, 281–295
Bojko et al, Characteristics of a mathematical model of the spiral heat exchanger using CFD ANSYS Fluent, Liberec, 2011. p.17-19

Influence of the slag/pool interface on the solidification in an Electroslag remelting process Abdellah Kharicha1,a, Wolfgang Schützenhöfer 2, Andreas Ludwig3 and Gerhard Reiter 2 1 Christian Doppler Laboratory for Multiphase Modeling of Metallurgical Processes, University of Leoben, A-8700 Franz-Josef Str. 18, Leoben, Austria 2 Böhler Edelstahl GmbH & Co KG, Kapfenberg, Austria 3 University of Leoben, Leoben, AUSTRIA a abdellah.kharicha@notes.unileoben.ac.at Keywords: ESR, remelting, slag, simulation, solidification, VOF, magnetohydrodynamic, electric current, flow, CFD, Joule heating, interface tracking, porosity, enthalpy.
Two numerical simulations were performed, one assuming a flat interface, and a second leaving the interface free to find an equilibrium shape.
Simulations [1-9] can be found in literature, but due to the complexity of the system and due to the computational restrictions, several assumptions and simplifications are necessary.
Table 1 lists typical physical properties of the alloy, the slag, the geometry and the operating conditions used for the present simulations.
When the interface is imposed to be flat, the results agree with most of the previous simulations results found in the literature [1-7]: 1) The distribution of the electric current is mainly vertical, except at the extremity of the electrode and under the slag exposed surface (figure 2a.).

D.H.Kim[1] investigated turbulent flow past a square cylinder confined in a channel by large eddy simulation (LES).
In the present simulations, a dimensionless time step was chosen giving the maximum CFL number close to 2.
In the present simulations, the computational boundaries are set at 16Dm in y directions.
FIG.3 NORMALIZED INSTANTANEOUS SPANWISE VORTICITY. a-c RE=600,d-f RE=5900 Flow patterns and force characteristics Derived By CFD （a）(b) FIG.4 THE TIME HISTORY OF DRAG COEFFICIENTS AND LIFT COEFFICIENTS FOR THE STRAIGHT AND MODIFIED SQUARE PRISMS.
References [1] Do-Hyeong Kim, Kyung-Soo Yang, Mamoru Senda: Large eddy simulation of turbulent flow past a square cylinder confined in a channel.

Simulation results show that the engine performance, especially the emission performance, can be improved at all simulation working conditions.
Some researchers have used the computer simulation method to study the optimal valve timing problem.
A 1-D simulation model was established according to the real engine structure and its size.
A CFD Approach for Studying Valve Timing of IC Engines[J].
Numerical Simulation and Analysis of Influence of Valve Timing on Diesel Engine Performance[J].

Optimization of various parameters, real-time data was simulated and results were obtained from CFD software [10].
A combination of analytical formulas and CAE simulation results show that cooling time can be reduced by 50% using conformal cooling channels [11].
Simulation Results The CAE analysis for the part is done using Solidworks Plastics Simulation.
Sink marks for a) Conventional cooling channels, b) Conformal cooling channels The weld lines were seen maximum at the corners in both the simulation results.
Simulation results show that cooling time has decreased significantly with the use of conformal cooling channels.

These results are important to model many solar uses as solar distillers, solar dryers, etc… We present, in this report experimental results and in a future paper, the written mathematical model and a numerical simulation.
Emran Khan: Simulation of convective mass transfer in a solar distillation process.
Simonson E: Combined heat and mass transfer for laminar flow of moist air in a 3D rectangular duct: CFD simulation and validation with experimental data

Fractal analysis of Raceway Boundary in COREX Melter Gasifier Model Zhiguo Luo1,a, Zhanxia Di1,b, Zongshu Zou1,c and Ren Chen2,d 1School of Materials Science and Metallurgy, Northeastern University, 110004, Shenyang, China; 2Department of Metallurgy Engineering, Liao Ning Institute of Science and Technology, 117004, Benxi, China; aluozg@smm.neu.edu.cn; bzhanxiadi@gmail.com; czouzs@mail.neu.edu.cn; dtoughold@163.com Keywords: Raceway Boundary; Physical Simulation; Particle Velocity Contour; Fractal Abstract.
The shape of raceway can be obtained by dissection survey and mathematical simulations.
Toshihiko[10] calculated the instantaneous velocity of every particle through CFD+DEM, and then the raceway boundary was defined by the iso-contours of instantaneous coke particle velocity scalar.
It can be used as original boundary conditions of the flow and chemical reaction in the raceway region of the theoretical and mathematical simulation.

The author highlights all major variables to influence the output of the shock absorber, and then proceeds by performing a series of simulations using the developed model.
Shortly, the simulation was conducted based on the following parameter set: Ac=5.0671 [m2]; L0=0.241 [m]; Ar=4.1167 [m2]; m1=9.680·10-4 [kg]; m2=1.004·10-3 [kg]; m3=1.494·10-3 [kg]; m4=1.919·10-3 [kg]; mpr=1.867·10-1 [kg]; C1=2800 [Ns/m]; C2=8 [Ns/m]; C3=5600 [Ns/m]; C4=900 [Ns/m]; Cpr=80 [Ns/m]; K1=2.8·106 [N/m]; K2=8·103 [N/m]; K3=5.6·106 [N/m]; K4=0.9·106 [N/m]; Kpr=1.3·106 [N/m]; Ffriction=22N; Cf1=0.9; Cf2=0.85; Cf3=0.9; Cf4=0.85; Ain_1=1.314·10-5 [m2]; Ain_2=6.72·10-5 [m2]; Ain_1=2.036·10-5[m2]; Ain_4=4.48·10-5 [m2]; Kc1= Kc2= Kc3= Kc4=108 [N/m]; R1=0.0067 [m]; R2=0.0096 [m]; R3=0.0088 [m]; R4=0.0109 [m]; XA1=1.0536 [m]; XA2=1.0587 [m]; XA3=1.0676 [m]; XA4=1.0428 [m]; r=0.0127 [m]; s=1.05 [mm]; Pg0=6·105 [Pa] Results The numerical results are presented in the form of time histories of pressures, flow rates and the damping force output – see Fig. 3 and Fig. 4.
Simulation result – high frequency, a) pressures, b) flow rates (valves) pcomp preb a) b) Fig. 4.
Simulation result – low frequency, a) pressures, b) flow rates (valves) Low frequency excitation High frequency excitation Fig. 5.
Finally, future work will be directed towards experimental characterization of the flow-induced phenomena, the lumped parameter model validation and CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics).

ajcleong@mail.npust.edu.tw Keywords: Tunnel-Type Dryer; Temperature Distribution; Hot Air Ventilation; CFD Abstract.
The closure of these equations is performed with the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) turbulence model that reads , (1) , and (2)
The time of simulation is 6 minutes, hot air of 200 ˚C is blown into the dryer through the intake vent and forced out through the outtake vent both at a uniform velocity of 2.5 m/s.