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In order to overcome the actual physical limitation of the hydroforming facilities, a Finite Element (FE) model of the WHF process was also created implementing experimental data (flow stress curves and FLCs) and tuned using data from preliminary WHF tests.
In this regard, Schultz et al. presented that mass reduction, obtained by replacing steel with aluminium, can be as high as 40–60%; in addiction, a substantial reduction of bodyweight (almost 10%) could improve the fuel efficiency by 6–8% [1-2].
Experimental results were interpolated using an approximating response surface based on a second order polynomial formulation; the models were characterized by a correlation coefficient (R2) equal to about 95%, indicating their effectiveness in fitting the input data.
Preliminary HF tests used for investigating the material anisotropy were used for tuning the numerical model: in particular, results (in terms of both TR% and F%) from FE simulations changing the Coefficient Of Friction (COF), were compared to the correspondent experimental data in order find the best fit.
The preliminary experimental activity showed that holding the process temperature leads to an increase of the mechanical properties (due to the ageing phenomenon) together with a ductility reduction; in addition, anisotropy effect revealed to be negligible.

It is shown that using an FRP-incorporated pedestrian bridge to replace a conventional prestressed concrete (PC) bridge may reduce the CO2 emission by 18% and 70%, respectively, during the material manufacturing and construction periods, leading to a total reduction by about 26%.
Such reduction is expected to be more significant if the life-cycle CO2 emission is accounted for, since the former type of bridge is free of corrosion and almost maintenance-free.
The values adopted for the steel reinforcement and concrete followed the JSCE reports [1,2] and the value adopted for FRP composites followed the data published by the Japan Reinforced Plastics Society [6].
A positive news is that as of April 2010, 191 states have signed and ratified the Kyoto Protocal [7]. 37 countries have committ themselves to a reduction of four major greenhouse gases including the carbon dioxide produced by them and all member countries have given general committments.
[6] Japan Reinforced Plastics Society, http://www.jrps.or.jp/data/syoseki/nyumon.pdf, 2002 (in Japanese) [7] Information on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol

Based on the actual measured topographic data of the pit collapse occurred at Sanjiangkou in Nanjing, a generalized model of pit collapse is established.
The study shows that the scheme with crow of tree play greater effect in pit velocity reduction, so it can be used in emergency rescue project.
It is also difficult to obtain the field data when the pit collapse happens.
According to the actual bank slope topography data, the underwater topography of the collapse was in -30 ~ -35m ,and the slope was about 1:3.
And the project use the experience and experimentation data of bank protection for reference, but the pit collapse landform conditions has greater difference with common beach, it is necessary to research on the arrangement forms and deposition promotion of pit collapse.

This paper mainly settles key problems such as boundary definition, data collection, calculation model, data acceptance/rejection and data calculation method concerned with concrete carbon emission calculation, establishes the national uniform concrete carbon emission calculation method and emission factor within the same cultural boundary, and provides theoretical and data calculation basis for determining the reference value and grade of concrete carbon emission.
As for other products, the carbon emission of unit product may also be calculated by reference to this paper; therefore, inherent carbon emission data of buildings are accumulated, providing quantized data support for taking measures to reduce the carbon emission intensity.
data of buildings may be accumulated, providing theoretical basis for establishing carbon emission limit for green building assessment standard and quantized data support for taking measures to reduce the carbon emission intensity.
Electricpower production life cycle list data are the fundamental data for developing LCA analysis of material industry or even all industrial products.
of enterprise, in case of data missing, the value in this table may be adopted.

The set of criteria includes maximum thermal capacity, heat pump COP, the relation of energy gained to energy spent, potential profit of operation, and CO2 emission reduction.
Due to a sharp reduction in fossil fuel imports since 2022, the search for renewable sources of thermal energy in the post-war period is gaining higher importance.
Data and Methods The review of indicators applied to evaluate the efficiency of mine water heat recovery in closed mines [23, 24] enabled identifying the most essential input data and influential factors.
To bring the geothermal assessments up-to-date, we used the latest hydrogeological monitoring data publicly available in [14, 26].
The data of 26 closed mines in the Ruhr area and 2 mines near Aachen were obtained from relevant reports and resources [10, 18, 27].

A modification comprising surface activation, PEG immersing and PEG graft polymerization carried out to provide acceptable blood oxygenator performance, blood compatibility and reduction in heparin consumption at the same time.
Water contact angel reduction from 1100C to 720C shows hydrophilicity enhancement, roughness increasing from 15 to 20 and blood compatibility improvement was investigated by SEM and AFM analysis results respectively.
Static water contact angles of the membrane surface were measured by the sessile drop method at 25 °C under an atmosphere of saturated water vapor with a contact angle goniometer (Data physics OCA15+, Germany) equipped with video capture.
As PEG grafting degree increases, proved by water contact angel reduction, hydrophilicity enhancement can be observed (Fig 3).
Table 1- Reduction of adhered platelets on membrane Number of adhered platelets in 30cm2 Unmodified PP membrane 347 Modified PP membrane in H2 plasma, CPEG=10gr/lit 65 Modified PP membrane in H2 plasma, CPEG=20gr/lit 16 Conclusion Surface modification of PP hollow fiber membrane due to hydrophilicity, blood compatibility enhancement and Heparin consumption reduction was subjected in this project.

In the present work, a new composite gold-supported chitosan-silica (Au/CS-SiO2) nanomaterial has been synthesized via organic modification and chemical reduction method.
The route for preparation of CS-SiO2 material 2.3 Synthesis of gold-supported chitosan-silica nanomaterials (Au/CS-SiO2) After the CS-SiO2 was prepared, the Au/CS-SiO2 was synthesized by the reduction of HAuCl4 · 4H2O in alcohol solution.
These data showed that Au nanoparticles have assuredly been prepared and supported on the surface of CS-SiO2 material.
The XRD pattern for different HAuCl4 content in ethanol solution 3.4 The effect of solvent The reduction of HAuCl4 was respectively performed in 2-propanol and 2-butanol, and the corresponding TEM images were presented in Figure 4.
Summary A new composite Au/CS-SiO2 nanomaterial has been successfully synthesized via organic modification and chemical reduction method.

Non-plane joints, such as T-joints, L-joints and π shaped joint can bring enormous potential benefits from the reduction of the fastener and the part count, which lead to the dramatic decrease of assemble cost and primary structural weight in composite structures.
Numerical results agree well with empirical data.
Introduction The integrated composite structure design concept, which enable reduction in fastener and part count and lead to the dramatic decrease of assemble cost and primary structural weight, are gradually used in aircraft structures [1].
The numerical predictions on the damage onset of typical 3-D π joint woven composite structure under tensile load agree well with the empirical data.

Vanadium and its low valence oxides can be obtained through the stepwise reduction of V2O5–VO2–V2O3–VO–V.
So, the volatilization of V2O5 could be depressed better during the reduction process by FeSi.
When the mass ratio of FeSi to V2O5 was 1:1, the relations of V2O5 volatilization loss and reduction temperature were also shown in Fig.1.
When the CaO addition agent was increasing to 36.5%, the V2O5 volatilization rate was 2.1% and the reduction products were 2CaO·V2O5 only.
Beijing: The metallurgical industry press, 2007 (In Chinese) [8] Yingjiao Liang, Yinchang Che: Thermodynamics Data Book of Inorganic Compound.

The timing complexity of parallel reduction is , for serial summation it is .
Listing 1 Parallel reduction implementation code Combination of Procedure.
Parallel reduction at block level is very fast due to the use of shared memory within the block.
The comparison between the serial and parallel reduction is listed in Fig. 3.
The adjacent procedures are combined to eliminate transferring overhead in global memory R/W according to data consistency.