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Results and discussion Simulations have been performed to show the effects of the thickness of the slag layer covering the steel, the effect of liquid steel temperature and the effect of the convection coefficient on the heat flow through the slag layer on top of the ladle. 
For these simulations the following properties were used: thermal conductivity of 1.2W/moC and solid slag density 3800kg/m3 and liquid slag density 3700 kg/m3, specific heat 835 J/KgK, solidus temperature 167 deg.
Multiple regression analysis of the data obtained from more comprehensive simulations, suggests estimating the heat flux through the double layer of slag as: qs=*A*exp1+Bt+C in watts for t≥5 seconds A=6383+43.1*h-39*T-181*K B= -346.41-0.109*h+0.156*T C=62676-120*h+614*K+(80*T) where qs is the heat loss through the slag layer by mechanisms of conduction, convection and radiation, is the metal/slag area in m2, T is the liquid steel temperature in K, h is the initial thickness of the slag layer in m; K is the heat transfer coefficient in m2K; t is the time in s.
Heat losses through slag layer however depends on metal-slag interfacial area() , temperature(T), slag thickness(h), heat transfer coefficient (K) and time (t) and can be quantified by the correlation that resulted through multiple regression analysis of the data obtained from various simulations through the following equation.
CFD Analysis of Thermal Behavior of Refractory in Steel Ladle Cycling.

., ltd,baotou city 014010,china aWenzhi@me.ust b.edu.cn Keywords: regenerative furnace; flow character; temperature profile; numerical simulation; Abstract: on the basis of wholly analyzing the mechanism of the heat transfer in the regenerative heating furnace，the physical and mathematical 3-d model was set up to describe the heat transfer and combustion in the furnace.
Then the CFD software was used to simulate the combusting process of the whole furnace.
Numerical Simulation Method.Gambit 2.3 was applied to build and mesh the geometry model.
Results and Analysis of Numerical Simulation Analysis of Flow Profile.The flow is the basis and precondition of the combustion.
Numerical Simulation Of The Combustion.

The theoretical simulation was used to get the optimum size and maximum flow rate of micropump.
The MemCFD module can be used for common Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to provide the setup of boundary conditions of compressible and incompressible fluid at steady-state and transient status.
(III) Simulation of System 1.
The reasons are: It is assumed that the wall surface is smooth for simulation.
The simulation closes to actual condition

An axial compression model was developed so that fluid simulation studies can be performed.
Conventional compressor design would utilize Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis which requires high computational cost and is time consuming.
(1) (2) Computational Modeling and Simulations.
These results would be used to build a simulation model.
The simulation process utilized the Reynolds Stress Model (RSM).

Multi-fluid Mathematical Model For Blast Furnace and Its Parallel Solution Jiale Menga, Jianhua Shaob* and Aimin Zhaoc Research Institute of Metallurgy Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China aemail: jialemeng@yahoo.com, bemail: jhshao2004@163.com, cemail: aimin.zhao@ustb.edu.cn Keywords: blast furnace; mathematical model; simulation; CFD; parallel computing Abstract.
Solution Methods The above three sets of equations, together with their boundary conditions form the basis of the simulation study.
Results and Discussion Validation The simulation was applied to the actual operations of a blast furnace of which inner volume was 750 m3.

Study and development on safety operation of marine pump Lu zhanxiong (Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang 212013; China) Key words: marine pump,optimization and design, numerical simulation, pump shaft, reliability Abstract: The feature of marine pump and its development in our country and the foreign were studied in the paper.However, because of their special structure, the long axis of pumps with guide vane exist poor performance, shaft fracture and severe vibration problems generally.
Developing efficient marine pump impellers by using the universal software plays a tremendous role in promoting the further promotion of CFD in engineering applications, and has become an important tool for pump design and optimization. ② Design and manufacturing methods of low vibration noise With the improvement in comfort requirements for operating environment of modern ships, vibration and noise control of marine pump equipments has become increasingly important.
Unsteady numerical simulations of 3D turbulent flow in molten salt pump [D].

A CFD-Fortran code based on the finite volume technique was elaborated for the numerical solution of the mathematical model of the problem.
Numerical Procedure In the present study, a CFD-Fortran code based on the finite volume method [44] is elaborated to discretize the governing equations with associated boundary conditions.
After analyzing the data, (52×44×162) grid size was selected for the numerical simulations.
The simulations were done for nanoparticles volumes fractions and different Grashof numbers.
[28] E Abu-Nada, Effects of variable viscosity and thermal conductivity of CuO-water nanofluid on heat transfer enhancement in natural convection: mathematical model and simulation, (2010) 052401

Discretization schemes for the coupled simulations Core-fluid region: The time derivatives are discretized via the implicit Euler scheme.
The mesh independence (or alternatively mesh convergence) in the present simulations is illustrated in Figure 3.
The numerical simulations incur quite high computational costs, especially noting the huge number of computational cells involved.
Sravani, The Systematic Comparision on Analysis of Parallel Flow and Counter Flow Heat Exchanger by using CFD and Practicle Methods, International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology, 7, 2021, 153-161
Bothe, A comparison of stabilisation approaches for finite-volume simulation of viscoelastic fluid flow, Int.

Energy consumption has decreased as a consequence of research done to enhance specific operating and construction configurations with the use of energy simulation software.
A large portion of this research has been carried out utilizing computational simulation over the last 20 years.
The boundary conditions and configurations in the simulation input data are the building attributes and climate file.
Labaki, CFD as a tool applied in simulation of indoor natural ventilation by wind forces: case study in vertical typologies in the Social Housing Program “My house, My life”, Ambiente Construído, 17 (2017) 223-244
Isoldi, Further realistic annual simulations of earth-air heat exchangers installations in a coastal city, Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 37 (2020)

Model experiment, experience model and CFD numerical simulation are applied to study in-line and cross-flow responses of riser VIV [1-7].