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Sapphire, GaN, and SiC have been used for LED and power device applications [1] but they are difficult-to-machine materials because of their extreme hardness and the limited selection of tool materials [2].
Therefore, the electroplated diamond wire has been chosen as a cutting tool for cutting of these materials [3, 4].
The wires denoted by B, C, D and E are commercially available wires having different concentration of abrasives used for mass production of hard materials.
References [1] Akselrod M, and Bruni F (2012), Modern trends in crystal growth and new applications of sapphire, Journal of Crystal Gworth, 360: 134-145 [2] Hardin G, Qu J, Shih A, (2004) Fixed abrasive diamond wire saw slicing of single-crystal cilicon carbide wafers, Materials and Manufacturing Process, 19:355-367
[6] Gahr Z, Heinz K, (1987), Microstructure and Wear of Materials, Elsevier Science Publishers, 383-385

Porous medium is widely used in technical environmental applications which include filtration, thermal insulation (fabric and building materials), ground water hydrology, oil reservoir formations, combustion, food stuff biomechanics and various form of heat exchangers [17].
Shen, Thermophoretic deposition of particles in gas flowing over cold surface, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 107 (1985) 21-37
Yarusso, The rhelogy and flow of viscoplastic materials, Review in Chemical Engineering Journal. 1 (1983) 1-83
Ismail, MHD boundary layer flow and heat transfer of nanofluids over a nonlinear stretching sheet, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 374 (2015) 569-576
Nield, Natural convective boundary layer flow of a nanofluid past a vertical Plate, International Journal of thermal Sciences. 49 (2010) 243-247

Another important research area is designing suitable new materials for actuation mechanisms in the switches.
As in case of switches (discussed earlier), some important research has been conducted in designing suitable new materials.
“Piezoelectric Properties of Tungsten-doped PZT-type Materials” Ferroelectrics, Vol 241, 2000, pp 207-213, ISSN: 0015-0193.` [5] K.
“ZST Materials for Dielectric Resonators and Substrates for Hybrid Integrated Circuits”, Journal of Optical and Advanced Materials, Vol 5, No 5, 2003, pp 1395 – 1398.
“Frequency Agile BST Materials for Microwave Applications”, Journal of Optical and Advanced Materials, Vol 5, No 5, 2003, pp 1389–393.

[4] Hezhou Y., Xing Y.L.& Hanping, H., “Fabrication of Metal Matrix Composite by Metal Injection Molding- A Review” Journal of Materials Processing Technology 200.
[6] Laarz, E. & Bergstrom, L., “Dispersing WC-Co powders in Aqueous Media With Polyethylenimine”, International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials 18.P. 281-286 (2000)
[9] Suri, P., Atre, S.V., German, R.M. & Souza J.P., “ Effect of Mixing on the Rheology and Particle Characteristics of Tungsten-Based Powder Injection Molding Feedstock” Materials Science and Engineering.
Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials. 26.
Advanced Performance Materials.Vol.3.

Materials and Methods Materials.
Particle size influences many properties of particulate materials and is a valuable indicator of quality and performance.
Misra, "On stress whitening during surface deformation in clay-containing polymer nanocomposites: A microstructural approach," Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 418, pp. 268-281, 2/25/ 2006
Kalam, "Effect of Fibre Size on the Tensile Properties of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Fibre Composites," Advanced Materials Research, vol. 576, pp. 280-283, 2012
Lim, "Fracture characterisation of short bamboo fibre reinforced polyester composites," Materials & Design, vol. 31, pp. 4147-4154, 10// 2010

The volume expansion of frozen adsorption water exerts force to the surrounding concrete materials.
The strip thermal insulation layer is composed of 4 materials, from the surface of the primary support to the lining back followed by the geotextile, macromolecule waterproof board, insulation materials and macromolecule waterproof board(figure 4).
China Journal of Highway and Transport,2011(4).
Journal of Chang an University(Natural Science Edition), 2006(4).
Journal of Chang an University(Natural Science Edition),2006(4).

By virtue of SPs, it is possible to allow concrete mix designs with very low water to cement ratios and partially substitute the dosage of cement with industrial waste materials, e.g. slag and fly ash.
Materials and methods Materials.
The results show both the initial slump values and slump time retention of concrete adding polycarboxylate SPs grafted binary PEO side chain at a level of 0.20% by weight of cementious materials are increased remarkably comparing with that of the control sample (no SP) and the sample use of 0.2% FDN (naphthalene based SP).
Flatt, Cement and Concrete Research, 36 (2006) :1231-1239 [3] Uchikawa H, Hanehara S, Sawaki D, Cem Concr Res , 27(1997):37-50 [4] Burak Felekoglu, Hasan Sarıkahya, Construction and Building Materials, 22 (2008):1972-1980 [5] Qianping Ran , Ponisseril Somasundaran , Changwen Miao, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 336 (2009) :624-633 [6] Kazuo Yamada, Tomoo Takahashi, Shunsuke Hanehara, Cement and Concrete Research, 30(2000): 197-207 [7] T.
,Cement and Concrete Research ,35 (2005): 867-873 [11] RAN Qian-ping,DING Bei,YOU You-kun , Journal of Functional Polymers,17(2004):159-164 [12] RAN Qianping,LIU Jiaping,MIAO Changwen et.al., JOURNAL OF THE CHINESE CERAMIC SOCIETY (in Chinese), 38(2010):1718-1722

With these excellent properties, graphene has a broad application prospects in areas such as capacitors, composite materials, electronic devices.
Experiment Experiment Materials.
Science, 2004,306(5296):183-191
Science, 2008, 321(5887):385-388
Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1958,80(6):1339-1339

Matsuo and Okamura [1] used nine kinds of diamond and CBN abrasive grains to grind many kinds of hard brittle materials, such as sintered carbide and aluminum oxide.
Cutting deformation law of workpiece materials is analyzed according to the simulation results.
Its material parameters are consistent with workpiece material.
Acknowledgements This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50975043 ).
Kang, et al: Journal of Semiconductors, Vol. 29 (2008), p. 1180-1183

Study On Process Mineralogy And Titanium Separation Of Ti-Bearing EAF Slag Junhui Zhang 1,a, Chengxiu Li 1,2,b* , Lingxi Zeng1,c 1Institute of Multipurpose Utilization of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China 2Faculty of Land Resource Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650093, China b*Corresponding author aemail:xk-junhuizhang@163.com, b email:lchx_gjkc@sina.com, c email:hz8801@126.com Keywords: vanadic titanomagnetite; Ti-bearing EAF slag; anosovite; flotation; collector.
This new technology provides technological support for using Vanadic titanomagnetite as raw materials to realize industrial production. [4-7] The melted slag produced by the new technology was treated by water quenching, and after that, it was formed the Ti-bearing EAF slag.
For this purpose, the Institute of Multipurpose Utilization of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, studied the processing property and titanium separation technology of Ti-bearing EAF slag.
The higher contents of magnesium and aluminium in the material would have an adverse effect on the hydrolyzation and other processes, and the higher contents of silicon and calcium would influence the result of acidolysis and increase the output of waste residue.
References [1] Niu Yahui, Du Xinghong, Yang Wanhu, Sui Zhitong, Flotation of the modified high titanium BF slag , Journal of Materials and Metallurgy, Vol.11(2011), p13 [2] Sui Zhitong, Guo Zhenzhong, Zhang Li, Zhang Linnan, Wang Mingyu, Lou Taiping, Li Guangqiang, Green separation technique of Ti component from Ti-bearing blast furnace slag , Journal of Materials and Metallurgy, Vol. 5(2006), p 93 [3] Guo Peimin, Zhao Pei, Technical Analysis on Selective Separation and Enrichment of Ti- bearing Blast Furance Slag Based on Phase Diagrams, Iron Steel Vanadium Titanium, Vol.26(2005), p 5 [4] W-K LU, Technology of Low Coal Rate and High Productivity of RHF Ironmaking,DOE of USA, Vol.9( 2002), p 21 [5] Wang Taiyan, Technology Selection for Direct Reduction Iron Production, Angang Technology, Vol.3(2002), p 4 [6] Liu Gongguo, Study on applied technology of vanadium titanium magnetite based on rotary hearth furnace direct reduction process, Research on Iron and Steel, Vol.2( 2012), p 4-