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, simulation, flow behavior, PLA, PLA-copper.
A commercial computational fluid dynamic (CFD) software was used to analyse the change of flow parameters such as pressure drop, outlet velocity and temperature distribution due to the change of filament material properties and nozzle geometry.
Boundary condition of the simulation process.
From this pressure simulation results, the input velocity should be 1 mm/s to 5 mm/s.
The simulation results showed the safe velocity range was from 1 mm/s to 5 mm/s.

The more sub-iterations performed, the more accurate the simulation.
If the physical time steps are set too big, the accurate of simulation will be degraded.
A practicably approach for unsteady calculation with CFD is to use high order upwind difference schemes and implicit time marching method to provide accuracy, robustness and efficiency.
The error in disregarding the GCL is less than other possible errors in the simulation procedure.
They thought a reasonable sub-iteration criterion chosen for unsteady solutions is very important for accurate and efficient simulations.

Yun Zhang et al. had proposed a rapid BEM-based method for cooling simulation of injection molding [5].
Daver and Demirel had performed a simulation to study of the effect of pre-form cooling time in injection stretch blow molding applications [6].
ANSYS Workbench 15.0 simulation software package is used to carry out the analysis.
It ignores the other losses through atmospheric temperature and convection/CFD flow within the coolant.
"Numerical simulation of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene material’s vacuum forming process", Journal of Materials Processing Technology 91 (1999) 219–225

Mahmud and Islam [7] performed laminar free convection simulation with entropy generation method inside an inclined wavy cavity.
The governing equations with appropriate boundary conditions are solved under steady, incompressible conditions with the Boussinesq approximation, using the commercial CFD software, ANSYS FluentTM.
Fig. 2: Comparison of present simulation (Right) results of Isotherms (top) and streamlines (bottom) for Ra=20000, and Pr=0.71 with those of published work (Left) [9].
The effects of wavy surface, aspect ratio, and nanoparticles volume fraction on the local and mean Nusselt number have examined using numerical simulations.
Rudolf, Heat transfer enhancement for natural convection flow of water-based Nanofluid in a square enclosure, International Journal of Simulation Modelling, 11 (2012) 29–39

The structure models are built in ADINA structures based on the Lagrangian method and the fluid models are built in ADINA CFD based on the Arbitrary-Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) method, respectively, then they are solved together by the solver ADINA-FSI.
Besides, in this manuscript we concern about the flexibility of the whole fin, so we ignore some details for the simplification of computation, a simplified model can ignore unimportant details and avoid simulation difficulty, but give out useful results.
Simulation results of Young’s modulus The Youngs’ modulus varies from 2E5 Pa to 2E11 Pa, and the shape and size are fixed to the same for the same moment of inertia.
Simulation results of moment of inertia For rectangular cross section, moment of inertia is defined as bh3/12, b and h stands for wide length and height, respectively.
We conduct three simulations to assess whether the bending stiffness could be used as a uniform parameter.

Electric Potential Simulation Electric potential contours are shown in Fig. 10.
Simulation of the flow field with double precision was carried out for the geometry shown in Fig. 3.
Zero electric potential on the cylinders were set for this simulations.
“Numerical Simulation of Flow and Electric Fields in an Electrical Mobility Spectrometer.”
[17] Biskos, G. and Mastorakos, E. and Collings, N., “Monte-Carlo simulation of unipolar diffusion charging for spherical and non-spherical particles”, J.

The geometry used consists of a horizontal pipe with an elliptical cross-section of 10 m long, as illustrated in Figure 1.The geometry was developed in Autodesk Inventor Professional 2015 and, after that, exported to ICEM CFD 15.0.
(a) (b) (c) Figure 2 - Mesh used during the simulation. a) inlet; b) wall; c) outlet.
The thermo-physical properties of the fluids used in the simulation are presented in Table 1.
Table 1 - Properties of the fluids used in the simulation.
Cadé, Numerical simulation of the flow of natural gas in a cylindrical elliptical duct.

In this paper, in view of three-dimensional finite element applications covered in the cylinder head, it mainly discusses the development trend both at home and abroad from the cylinder head finite element model establishment, cylinder head boundary conditions determination and cylinder head finite element computation, which application of three-dimensional finite element in study of cylinder head on temperature field simulation, the stress analysis, the machinery load and hot load, as well as the coupling analysis of multi-physical fields and multi-parts.
CHONG XIAO et al [5] took the single cylinder model as the research object, using numerical simulation method, calculated and analyzed the stress field of the cylinder head.
YU CHEN et al [12] established a three-dimensional cylinder head components model including four cylinder heads, and calculated thermal stress of the model with CFD software SC/Tetra and finite element software.
In the finite element analysis for the cylinder head of LS60MC-C Marine diesel engine, YAN FENG YANG calculated the temperature field, mechanical stress, thermal stress field of cylinder head by numerical simulation method, and then did the thermal-mechanical coupled stress field analysis.
And most of the finite element analysis of cylinder head of 3.1 ~ 3.3 doesn't take into account the contact relationship with surrounding parts, and less likely to consider multiple field at the same time, and is a series of single field and single part research method, and this kind of research method often overlooks some boundary conditions, and sets a number of assumptions, and fits correlation formula, then compares the simulation results with the actual result, finally gains the conclusion[21].

Three-dimensional steady numerical simulations have been performed in the two operation modes of low and high bypass ratio with different thermodynamic cycle parameters according to the VCE and the coolant injections have been simulated by means of additional source term method.
Figure 1.Sketch of blade profile and injection rows Computation method FINE/Turbo, a CFD package developed by NUMECA Corp. has been employed to simulate the 3D steady flows in the fully cooled turbine for the VCE.
Numerical simulations have been performed in two operation modes according to the VCE, and the coolant injections have been simulated by means of additional source term method.
A three-dimensional coupled internal/external simulation of a film-cooled turbine vane [J].
Numerical simulation of the aerodynamics performance of turbine with coolant injection [J].

The unsteady numerical simulation is carried out for the range of conditions as: Re = 1 to 30, Pr = 0.7 to100 and Ri = 0 to 1, at fixed blockage parameter β = 10%.
The simulations are carried out for Re = 5 to 40, Ri = 0 to 2 at fixed value of Pr = 1 and blockage ratio β = 25%.
(11) Numerical Procedure The numerical simulation is carried out by using the commercial CFD package ANSYS-CFX.
Fig. 2: Typical grid used for simulation.
Saghafian, Numerical Simulation of Fluid Flow and Forced Convection Heat Transfer from Tandem Circular Cylinders Using Overset Grid Method, Journal of Fluid and Structures. 28(2012) 309-327