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From a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analysis and an experiment on single cylinder engine test bed of combustion process in a compressed natural gas direct injection (CNGDI) engine with compression ratio 14:1, it can be concluded that a proper heat transfer mechanism was needed to avoid engine malfunction [5, 6].
Table 1: Boundary conditions for thermal analysis on the CNGDI piston Boundary Conditions Marker Temperature [℃] Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient [W/m2K] Edge of piston crown 1 300 230 Between ring grooves 2 110 115 Ring grooves 3 85 625 Piston skirts 4 85 60 Under the piston crown 5 110 717 Behind piston skirt 6 110 191 Table 2: Loads for thermal analysis of CNGDI piston Engine Speed [rpm] Average Peak Combustion Temperature, T [℃] 1000 465 2000 534 3000 561 4000 639 5000 714 5400 720 (a) (b) Fig. 2: Geometry of (a) Meshed solid 3D model of CNGDI piston; and (b) coating layer Table 3: Material properties Material AC8Aluminium alloy NiCrAl YPSZ Specific Heat [J/kgK] 960 764 620 Density [kg/m3] 2700 7870 5650 Thermal Conductivity [W/mK] 155 6.1 1.4 Thermal Expansion ×10-6 [1/K] 21 12 10.9 Finite Element Analysis The FEA simulation of the piston crown for the CNGDI engine was carried out by using a set
Simulations were conducted at all engine speeds on the uncoated and the ceramic based YPSZ/NiCrAl coated one.
Shi, Simulation and analysis of thermo-mechanical coupling load and mechanical dynamic load for a piston. 2nd Int.
Modelling and Simulation (2010)

Simulation concluded that the mixtures of biogas-hydrogen peroxide present higher Mach number and pressure compare with mixtures biogas-hydrogen.
In a previous studies it was shown that injecting hydrogen, hydrogen peroxide as additive on simulation for operating PDE, accurate spark timing and air to fuel ratio need to be preserved due to poor combustion qualities of biogas because of the presence of CO2 in the composition.Improvement of the combustion performance can be made by removing CO2.
Simulation to predict the combustion process in system device is important to ensure future successful development of pulse detonation engines.
Sies, Numerical Simulation of Confined Vortex Flow Using a Modified k-epsilon Turbulence Model.
CFD Letters, 2009. 1(2): p. 87-94

Numerical simulation of the centrifugal separator for oil-water emulsion (2014) Advanced Materials Research, 945-949 pp. 944-950
(rus) [10] Vatin, N., Strelets, K., Air purification with the help of cyclone equipment (2003) SPbSTU (rus) [11] Liu, F., Chen, J., Zhang, A., Wang, X., Dong, T.Performance and flow behavior of four identical parallel cyclones (2014) Separation and Purification Technology, 134, pp. 147-157 [12] Oh, J., Choi, S., Kim, J., Lee, S., Jin, G.Particle separation with the concept of uniflow cyclone(2014) Powder Technology, 254, pp. 500-507 [13] Haig, C.W., Hursthouse, A., McIlwain, S., Sykes, D.The effect of particle agglomeration and attrition on the separation efficiency of a Stairmand cyclone (2014) Powder Technology, 258, pp. 110-124 [14] Hao, Z.R., Xu, J., Bie, H.Y., Zhou, Z.H.Numerical simulation of three-dimensional unsteady flow field in the cyclone(2013) Advanced Materials Research, 774-776, pp
[15] Zhang, Z.W., Ji, X.L., Kang, C.M., Zhou, Y.S.Simulation research of the particles' track in cyclone separator (2013) Advanced Materials Research, 740, pp. 382-386 [16] Winfield, D., Paddison, D., Cross, M., Croft, N., Craig, I.
Division of outlet flow in a cyclone vortex finder - The CFD calculations (2010) Separation and Purification Technology, 75 (2), pp. 127-131 [22] Wang, W., Zhang, P., Wang, L., Chen, G., Li, J., Li, X.
Structure and performance of the circumfluent cyclone(2010) Powder Technology, 200 (3), pp. 158-163 [23] Wan, G., Sun, G., Xue, X., Shi, M.Solids concentration simulation of different size particles in a cyclone separator(2008) Powder Technology, 183 (1), pp. 94-104 [24] Chen, J., Shi, M.

Another disadvantage of fluid (CFD) models is the inability to model the gaps after the tool [13].
Numerical Simulation of the Plunge Stage in Friction Stir Welding.
FEM simulation for friction spot joining process.
Introduction of Materials Modelling into Processing Simulation.
Experiments and Numerical Simulations.

In order to get a uniform roughness, Wang [14] has analyzed the ratio of shear force to strain force on the entire surface with CFD software.
Jain, Simulation of surface generated in abrasive flow machining.

A numerical study on the effect of air quality using a very large eddy simulation program was presented by F.Camelli et. al [4].
Huang J. et al [6] carried out a CFD study on the temperature and NOx concentration levels.

The numerical simulation has been carried out in MatLab.
Rutland, Development and testing of diesel engine CFD models.

Brown: A study of abrasive waterjet characteristics by CFD simulation.

Liand M.Sun, Nonlinear simulation and linearization of twin flapper-nozzle servo valve, Journal of Mechanical Engineering, vol.48(2012), p.193 [2] Z.F.Peng,C.G.Sun,R.B.Yuan,The CFD Analysis of Main Valve Flow Field and Structural Optimization for Double-nozzle Flapper Servo Valve,Procedia Engineering, vol.31(2012), p.115 [3] Y.D.Tian,Technology of Electro Hydraulic Servo Valves, Aviation Industry Press, BeiJing, 2008 [4] H.Y.

., Simulation of flow field and sludge settling in a full-scale oxidation ditch by using two-phase flow CFD model.