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Study on Solid-state Anaerobic Co-digestion with Distiller’s Grains and Food Waste for Methane Production LiHong Wang1, a, QunHui Wang2, b*, WeiWei Cai3, c 1 Department of Environmental Engineering University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China, and Department of Architectural Engineering Handan Polytechnic college, Handan, Herbei, 056001, China 2 Department of Environmental Engineering University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China 3 Department of Environmental Engineering University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China awanglihong-48@126.com, bwangqh59@sina.com, cbingningmeng0919@163.com, To whom correspondence should be addressed.
(sponsors) Keywords: anaerobic co-digestion; distiller’s grains; kitchen waste; synergistic effect Abstract.
Solid-state anaerobic digestion (SSAD) of distiller’s grains (DG) and kitchen waste (KW) for biogas was investigated.
SS-AD has been claimed to be advantageous over liquid AD for a number of reasons including smaller reactor volume, lower energy requirements for heating, minimal material handling, lower total parasitic energy loss [7].
Composition of the Raw Materials TS[%] Food waste Distiller’s grains Inoculum Protein [%] 14.82 9.83 14.50 Carbohydrate [%] 40.59 55.11 25.36 C [%] 43.21 42.94 27.53 N [%] 2.37 1.57 2.40 C/N 18.2 28.3 11.4 Fat [%] 32.1 6.5 — Hemicellulose [%] 12.32 22.86 47.17 Cellulose [%] 4.43 19.92 18.47 Lignin [%] 2.83 13.82 14.50 Setup.

The plastic deformation is mainly dominated by the grain boundary atom slide.
The molecular dynamics (MD) model boxes are fixed as 8.58nm×8.58nm×8.58nm before relaxation, and the numbers of atoms contained in the samples are all about 50000.
The grain centers placed in the MD model boxes are 16, 27, 64, 125 respectively for four samples, and corresponding average grain sizes are 4.32nm, 3.55nm, 2.66nm and 2.13nm.
The abnormal mechanical properties are attributed to the high fraction of grain boundary atoms, and the plastic deformation is mostly carried out through atomic sliding on grain boundary and grain rotation.
The movement vectors of atoms on grain boundary are obviously different from that of atoms interior grain, the similar atomic vectors in a same grain end at grain boundary.

The experiments were carried using Taguchi optimization method, which studies a large number of variables with a small number of experiments.
The piezoelectric effect is averaged over all grains.
The substrate material also determines the sputtered grain size.
The proportionality of the gas mixture also controls the grain size of the piezoelectric material, when the ratio of Ar/O2 increases, the grain size also increases[14].
This will allow simultaneous evaluation of several parameters such as gas pressure, deposition time and RF power using a series number of trials.

Although there are a lot number of methods available, sol-gel method has been widely used and some excellent work has been reported.
Until now there a lot number of methods are used to synthesize the CMR particle with desired size and distribution.
FESEM images reveal that in case of sol-gel (SG) samples grain boundaries are very obvious and grains are well connected to each other as shown in Figure 4.
Variation in grain size results in change in number of grain boundaries.
The smaller the grains, the large number of grain boundaries can be found in the sample [25].

Automated schemes were developed to divide the component into a computationally optimum number of sub-volumes with similar life and risk values to determine total component reliability accurately and efficiently.
The zone sequence is applied in reverse order to identify the minimum number of zones that satisfies component target risk or convergence threshold constraints.
(a) Average Grain Size (microns) (b) Multiplier on Fatigue Crack Growth Rate Figure 2.
Without Grain Size Scaling With Grain Size Scaling (a) Fatigue Crack Growth Life Contours (cycles) (b) Fracture Risk Contours Figure 3.
Ongoing work is developing a similar probabilistic treatment of grain sizes calculated by DEFORM, addressing both the variability in the location-specific average grain sizes as well as variability in the actual grain sizes (with a particular focus on anomalously large grains, which are especially important for fatigue crack initiation).

Structure of the hot-pressed D16 alloy: (a) – SEM-EBSD, (b) - grain boundary spectrum; (c) - TEM.
Namely, the mixed nano(sub)grain / cellular structure, including ~45% of nanoscale grains with size ~150 nm was formed inside the highly thickened (down to 5-7 µm) and fragmented fiber grains.
For the number of the metals and alloys, subjected to severe warm or hot plastic deformation, it has been shown [12,18], that along with “the dynamic nucleation”, one of the necessity conditions for occurrence of continuous dynamic recrystallization is the operation of thermally-activated rate processes; that is the formation of new grains during deformation results from transformation of the developed dislocation substructures, controlled by the rate of rearrangement and mutual annihilation of lattice dislocations, i.e. by the rate of dynamic recovery.
Miura, Ultrafine grain development in copper during multidirectional forging at 195 K, Phil.
Tsuzaki, Ultra fine-grain structure formation in an Al-Mg-Sc alloy during warm ECAP, Met.

For the single-grain rate, FlfThis is because the cell diameter determines the number filled seeds.
The larger the cell diameter, the more number of filled feeds, which will lead to the single grain rate decrease.
This is because the cell diameter determines the number filled seeds.
The larger the cell diameter, the more number of filled feeds, which will lead to the single grain rate decrease.

Table2 The experimental program number experiment Purpose deformation temperature /℃ deformation extent /% deformation speed / s-1 cooling rate ℃/s coiling temperature /℃ 1 the deformation temperature and deformation extent on influence of austenitic grain 1150, 1020, 980, 900, 850 10, 20, 30 40, 50, 60 20 water cooling \ 2 the finishing temperature on influence of microstructure 900, 870, 850, 820 800, 780, 750 50 30 15 \ 3 the coiling temperature on influence of microstructure 850 50 30 15 650, 620, 590 560, 530, 500 Analysis and discussion According to Goldren and Smith's propose acicular ferrite characterized in pipeline steel are: irregular non-equiaxed, grain boundaries blur, non-complete continuous grain boundary, different particle size varies.So the formation of quasi-polygonal ferrite, bainitic ferrite of no original austenite grain boundaries, granular bainite and M/A-component to classify the acicular ferrite for project pipeline steel areas in the continuous cooling
The deformation temperature and deformation extent on influence of austenitic grain The deformation temperature and deformation extent on influence of austenitic grain see in figure1.
But as deformation extents continue improved, the austenitic grain hasn’t changed much; when deformation temperature was 1020℃, as the deformation extent increased, the austenitic grain grew up.
But as deformation extents continue improved, the austenitic grain hasn’t changed much; when deformation temperature are ≤980℃, deformation extent below 60%,the austenitic grain hasn’t changed much.
In order to refining austenitic grain, rough rolling deformation extent should be more than 30%.

Hence, the grains are not held firmly in the bond.
In order to eliminate the influence of manufacturing parameters and reduce the statistical aspects of the positioning and number of the cutting grains in grinding wheels, only one grinding wheel was used for the experiments.
Small dressing overlapping ratios (1 < Ud <3) generate open macro structures on the surface of the grinding wheel and sharp cutting grains, which reduce the grinding forces through a decrease in the friction between the cutting grains and the workpiece material, whereas, closed structures with increased number of cutting edges and blunt cutting grains are the results of large dressing overlapping ratios (6 < Ud < 8).
The cutting grains are in much stronger bond in the infiltrated side of the wheel and therefore the number of pulled out grains from the bond decreases.
Thus the grains become dull before the outbreak.

No obvious grain morphology change was found under 600 °C.
The grain size was measured from the TEM micrographs by the intercept method, in which the number of measured grains was more than 150.
It average grain size is still 86.3nm.
And the grain morphology can be remained in some degree.
And no obvious grain morphology change was found under 900°C.